Artykuły naukowe (WH)

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Browsing Artykuły naukowe (WH) by Author "Fedorowicz, Krzysztof"

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    Białoruś - zapomniany sąsiad Polski
    (Instytut Europy Środkowej, 2019) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    Białoruś jest najbliższym sąsiadem Polski. Łączy nas historia i kultura. Paradoksalnie oba państwa granicząc ze sobą praktycznie się nie znają. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie relacji polsko-białoruskich po rozpadzie ZSRR i proklamowaniu niepodległości przez Białoruś. W artykule uwzględniono występujące problemy we wzajemnych stosunkach, wynikające z różnych systemów politycznych funkcjonujących w Polsce i na Białorusi oraz powracające i nieuregulowane kwestie historyczne.
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    Białoruś i Polska dwadzieścia lat w stosunkach międzynarodowych: stan obecny i perspektywy
    (Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Lublinie, 2012) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    An element which should be analysed was the underestimation by Poland of the fears of Belarus concerning Polonisation and the activities of the Catholic Church. Initially, issues which were of slight importance to Poland later became the main reason for serious divergences in bilateral understanding. Also of importance is the question of the awareness on the Polish side of the change in the geopolitical future of Belarus following Poland’s accession to NATO. Political changes in Belarus in the years 1994-1996 were analysed in this work as well as their influence on the deterioration of mutual relations. It was also important to answer the question about the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the policy of critical dialogue with Belarus and the causes of the conflict concerning the Polish minority in 2005.
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    Białoruś wobec pandemii COVID-19. Praktyka i realia
    (Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPID UAM w Poznaniu, 2021) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    Celem artykułu jest przedstawione podejścia władz Republiki Białoruś wobec pandemii COVID-19. Główna hipoteza badawcza przyjęta przez autora głosi, iż Białoruś od początku pandemii zdecydowała się na świadome ignorowanie pojawiającego się zagrożenia epidemiologicznego, przyjmując strategię uspokajania społeczeństwa i bagatelizowania globalnego niebezpieczeństwa. Na podstawie analizy danych dowiedziono, iż większość Białorusinów podczas pandemii COVID-19 całkowicie utraciło zaufanie do państwa i jego organów, które ich zdaniem okazały się niezdolne do podjęcia ochrony swoich obywateli przed negatywnymi skutkami (zdrowotnymi, ekonomicznymi) pandemii
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    Białoruś wobec Unii Europejskiej po 2004 roku: wymuszone zmiany czy polityczna gra?
    (Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Lublinie, 2011) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The enlargement of the European Union in 2004 led to the re-evaluation of political relations between Belarus and the European Union. Belarus became a next-door neighbour of the EU. The above-mentioned situation gave Belarussian authorities a chance for the next “attempt” of a dialogue with Brussels and improving mutual relations. However, despite positive reactions and gestures this chance was not utilized. Belarus is still not interested in serious concessions in the area of human rights, civil freedom and democratization. All changes in these areas constitute a direct threat for the present political system. The Belarussian side proposes fi rst of all economy, which is politically neutral, as the main dialogue area with the European Union. The improvement of political relations with Belarus will not be an easy task and within easy reach for the European Union as at present the only condition to improve them is to start democratization processes in Belarus and their victory.
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    Europa Środkowa w polityce zagranicznej Białorusi
    (Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Lublinie, 2020) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    Artykuł poświęcony jest Europie Środkowej w polityce zagra- nicznej Białorusi. W procesie kształtowania koncepcji polityki zagranicznej Białorusi na początku lat 90. XX w. Mińsk rozważał opcję środkowoeuropejską. Już wówczas zwracano uwagę na konieczność wyodrębnienia regionu między Wschodem a Zachodem. Jednak poszerzenie NATO w regionie doprowadziło do wyboru wschodniego wektora i współpracy z Rosją. Po 20 latach ścisłej integracji okazało się, że sojusz z Rosją nie jest idealny. Białoruś ponownie doprowadziła do aktywizacji wektora środkowoeuropejskiego w polityce zagranicznej. Europa Środkowa to naturalny obszar do realizacji narodowych interesów. Współpraca z państwami sąsiednimi (Polska, Litwa, Łotwa, Węgry) jest pozytywnym impulsem do przeprowadzenia kompleksowych reform gospodarczych, a być może politycznych w najbliższej przyszłości.
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    Kaukaz Południowy po upadku ZSRR – próby transformacji i konflikty etniczne
    (Wydawca Towarzystwo Nauki i Kultury „Libra”, 2017) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    W niniejszym artykule autor analizuje procesy kształtowania się politycznych systemów w państwach Kaukazu Południowego. Wskazuje przy tym na patologiczne zjawiska funkcjonujące w elitach władzy oraz w systemach politycznych tych państw. Analizie poddane zostały także konflikty w Górskim Karabachu, Abchazji i Osetii Południowej, które nadal dominują w życiu politycznym Armenii, Azerbejdżanu i Gruzji. Są podstawą ideologii i programów politycznych elit walczących o władzę, a także znacząco wpływają na styl przywództwa. W politycznej walce znaczącą rolę odgrywały elity wojskowe, które szybko awansowały na szczyt władzy. Autor próbuje wyjaśnić, jak konflikty w Górskim Karabachu, Abchazji i Osetii Południowej wpływają na proces transformacji ustrojowej państw regionu. Kolejnym aspektem analizy jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak tradycja, kultura, psychologia, styl życia i interesy politycznych elit Armenii, Azerbejdżanu i Gruzji wpływają na rezultaty pokojowego uregulowania konfliktów.
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    Konflikty na Kaukazie Południowym jako czynniki destabilizujące rzeczywistość społeczno-polityczną
    (Centrum Europejskie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2015) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The Author analyses the infl uence of confl ict in Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the domestic and foreign policy of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. He proves that the described confl ict for many years dominated in the political life of this country and was a basis of the ideology and the programs of elites struggling for power. In the struggle of the elites, the military elites played the main role, while being an important path to advancement to the peaks of power. The author tries to explain the infl uence of the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia question on political transformation of the states in confl ict. Another important thread of the analysis is to search answers to the question, how tradition, culture, psychology, life styles and political interests of elites in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia affect the course and the effects of a peacemaking process aimed solving the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
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    Kształtowanie się systemu politycznego i proces transformacji ustrojowej Armenii
    (Fundacja na rzecz Czystej Energii, 2016) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof; Nieczuja-Ostrowski, Paweł
    The Author analyses the process of transformation in Armenia. It indicates the socio-political factors the formation of political system of Armenia. The first formative period of independence was difficult. It is a time of war and political and economic isolation in the international arena. These events have a huge impact on the formation of a model of institutional and legal state. From the beginning force and violence has become one of the important mechanisms for achieving political goals, with the result that Armenian political system today is characterized by a low stability and a high degree of susceptibility to disturbances and conflicts. The process of transformation of the political system of Armenia is still going. It takes time, and above all the political will of the current elite, took to the characteristics of transparency and maturity characterizing political systems of democratic states.
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    Ormiański Kościół Apostolski w procesie transformacji ustrojowej w Armenii
    (2019) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The Armenian Apostolic Church in the process of system transformation in Armenia. The Armenian Apostolic Church in the process of system transformation in Armenia. The Armenian Apostolic Church has played a very important role in Armenia’s social developments. Due to the Church’ role in the nation’s history, it has become of the most significant institutions in the lives of Armenians. The article is an attempt at showing the role of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the process of system transformation in Armenia. The author indicates its privileged role and the difficulties accompanying acceptance of other denominations in Armenia. Attention is also paid to the Church’s close cooperation with the political elites.
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    Polska i Białoruś - trudne sąsiedztwo. Polityka "krytycznego dialogu" wobec autorytarnej Białorusi
    (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych I Dziennikarstwa UAM w Poznaniu, 2012) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    For over ten years Polish-Belarusian political relations have been characterized by a lack of opportunities for real collaboration, caused by the non-democratic nature of the Belarusian political system. The international isolation of its authoritarian regime also influences bilateral relations. In the period from 1996–2008 Poland adopted a principle of critical dialogue in its policy towards Belarus. This implied official criticism of the infringement of human rights and breaking of democratic rules while refraining from a total abandonment of dialogue with the Belarusian authorities, although the level and intensity of this dialogue was significantly diminished. It was assumed that the complete isolation of the Belarusian authorities was not in Polish interests and preferential treatment would help to ensure the fundamental rights of the Polish minority in Belarus. This policy turned out to be ineffective, though, in relation to a state that does not acknowledge the basic principles and laws of international relations. To a large extent, the specific character of the Belarusian political system has been, and will remain, the greatest obstacle in the further development of Polish-Belarusian relations, and will significantly restrict the possibility of building good relations in the future.
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    Pozycja ustrojowa prezydenta w systemie politycznym Armenii
    (Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Temida 2, 2016) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The Author analyzes the role and position of the president of Armenia’s political system. It indicates excessive powers and competence of the head of state to other centers of power. The president of Armenia, in spite of competence in 2005, is still the dominant authority in the political system. Democratization of the political system is the only apparent change. Changing the constitution will not lead to an actual reduction in the powers of the head of state.
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    Proces transformacji ustrojowej w Armenii. Próba zmian czy zachowanie status quo?
    (2017) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    In the case of Armenia the armed conflict concerning territorial claims to Nagorno-Karabakh constitutes the key issue. Developing strong executive authority stemmed from the belief that a strong President will handle the difficult period of political and economic transformation. Recent attempts to increase the parliamentarization of Armenia’s political system represent an effort to shape an officially parliamentary, but actually barely changed system preserving the strong position of the chief of state or another decision-making center.
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    System rządów parlamentarnych na obszarze poradzieckim: casus Mołdawii i Łotwy
    (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych I Dziennikarstwa UAM w Poznaniu, 2012) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The fundamental problem faced by the states that have emerged in the area of the former USSR involved the definition of the desired form of their own political regime. The choices made in this respect in the first stage of political transformation were frequently limited only to the formal stipulation of model legal and constitutional solutions. The post-communist elite wielding power in the new states was characterized by a desire to form a one-man organ of state in the form of a strong president. The absence of democratic traditions and the negative legacy of the USSR have profoundly influenced the processes of shaping the political regimes in the post-Soviet area, and have actually become the predominant reason to legitimize authoritarianism. Only a few states of the former USSR have decided to adopt a model of governance other than a strong presidential system. Latvia deserves attention in this respect, as it has decided to reinstate the tested political principles of the interwar period. In the process of political transformation, the Latvian political elite has opted for the parliamentary system of governance and chose a weak presidency and the primacy of parliament. The transformation process was quickly completed allowing Latvia to be classified today as a non-consolidated democracy. Moldova’s adopting the system of parliamentary governance in 2000 was, in turn, an unintentional result of a political conflict caused by the President’s endeavors to form a strong presidential system. Moldovan parliamentarianism is a product of a protracted shaping of the institutional foundations of the political system and a byproduct of political competition between the legislative and executive powers. The domination of Communists on the Moldovan political stage, however, resulted in the state’s appropriation by one group and President Vladimir Voronin, who enjoyed a great influence exerted both on the parliamentary majority (as the leader of the ruling party) and the government, despite the formal system providing for a parliamentary republic. There emerged a dangerous precedent of the President exceeding his rights and thus becoming the actual leader of a formally parliamentary republic. In the period from 2001–2009, Moldova was a system of controlled democracy where apparently democratic institutions were in fact a cover for undivided, informal power wielded by a small circle. This triggered a social revolution in 2009 and early parliamentary elections, which resulted in a transfer of power and the establishment of a coalition of liberal and democratic parties clearly expressing their intention to implement market reforms and European integration. Despite political obstruction in Moldova’s shaping of its political system, the country stands out among the former post-Soviet republics. It is the only state in the Commonwealth of Independent States where a continuous and uninterrupted cycle of the transfer of power by means of elections can be observed to conform to the law and constitution since the country declared independence in 1991.
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    Służby specjalne w systemie ustrojowym Armenii
    (Studia Politologiczne, 2017) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The article presents the role and place of secret services in the political system of Armenia. The following publication tries to answer the question of whether secret services are subordinate to the interests of the state. Presents complicated political conditions of Armenia and their impact on the creation and functioning of secret services. The article indicated been selected examples of interference of special services in the political life of Armenia and the cooperation of the special services of Armenia and Russia.
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    Ukraińskie rewolucje a parlamentaryzm
    (Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Lublinie, 2014) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof
    The revolution in the Ukraine in 2014 brought about transformation of the political system in the direction of the parliamentary form of government. The issues associated with the process of the formation of the political system are not only the problem of Ukraine. In the first period of the independence of Ukraine, defining the desired shape of the political system was the priority. During the works on passing of a new constitution, the possibility of inserting a model of the parliamentary republic was being considered. However, the constitution of Ukraine from 1996 implemented a model closest to the solutions of a presidential parliamentary republic. The conversion from the presidential parliamentary republic into a parliamentary presidential republic in 2006 was characterized by enhancing the position of the govern- ment, in particular of the prime minister, at the cost of a distinct limitation of the powers of the President. It quickly became one of the causes of more and more frequent conflicts within that triangle of power. Current attempts to change the political regime for a parliamentary system were made in a con- text of a political crisis. In case of Ukraine, the change of the political system will not bring the nation any solution of the fundamental issues with which Ukraine has struggled with.
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    Wybrane problemy w stosunkach polsko-białoruskich
    (Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w Lublinie, 2008) Fedorowicz, Krzysztof