Browsing by Author "Hordiichuk, Olha"
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Item How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM, 2023) Hordiichuk, Olha; Halapsis, Alex; Kozlovets, MykolaThe article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values. From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order. Artykuł analizuje główne ideologiczne komponenty i narzędzia wojny informacyjnej, hybrydowej i w końcu pełnoskalowej toczonej przez Rosję przeciwko Ukrainie. Poczynając od czasów Iwana III Rosja wdraża model wschodniego despotyzmu, w ramach którego przypisuje sobie wyjątkową misję historyczną („Moskwa – Trzeci Rzym”). Model ten obejmuje imperializm, absolutyzm, antydemokrację, lekceważenie praw człowieka oraz praw narodów. W jego historii (Wielkie Księstwo Moskiewskie – Imperium Rosyjskie – Związek Radziecki – Federacja Rosyjska) zmieniały się zewnętrzne formy, ale jego istota pozostała niezmieniona, zaś w jej skład zawsze wchodziło wrogie nastawienie do wartości europejskich. Od połowy XVII wieku, kiedy ziemie ukraińskie znalazły się pod kontrolą Rosji, robiła ona wszystko, aby rozpowszechnić na nich ten model. W tym celu prowadziła działania takie, jak: przepisywanie historii, zakazywanie języka i kultury ukraińskiej, niszczenie samoświadomości etnicznej, a także represje i ludobójstwo wobec narodu ukraińskiego. Nie udało jej się jednak całkowicie zniszczyć kodu wolności, który jest fundamentalny dla ukraińskiej tożsamości. Wraz z upadkiem Związku Radzieckiego, Ukraina otrzymała możliwość zbudowania swojej państwowości na wartościach wolności oraz demokracji, dążąc do realizacji swojego statusu jako pełnoprawnego członka europejskiej rodziny. Niepodległość Ukrainy była postrzegana przez Rosję jako zagrożenie dla jej „misji”, dlatego rozpoczęła ona wojnę ideologiczną przeciwko Ukrainie. Zastosowano wszystkie metody propagandy, w tym fałszowanie faktów, tworzenie i masowe rozpowszechnianie pseudohistorycznych narracji, kłamstw i manipulacji. W okresie rządów Władimira Putina doktryna „Russkogo mira” („rosyjskiego świata”) została rozwinięta w neoimperialny mit, w ramach którego państwo ukraińskie było postrzegane jako historyczny błąd, który musiał zostać naprawiony za pośrednictwem nowej kolonizacji. Kiedy podczas Rewolucji Godności (2014) Ukraińcy pozbawili władzy skorumpowanego prorosyjskiego prezydenta, Wiktora Janukowycza, Rosja zaczęła wojnę hybrydową, w której zaanektowała Krym oraz obwody Doniecki i Ługański. Cywilizowany świat nie uznał rosyjskiej aneksji, a jego reakcja była zbyt powściągliwa. Dało to Putinowi nadzieję, że reakcja świata na bezpośrednią agresję również będzie słaba, dlatego 24 lutego 2022 rozpoczął pełnoskalową inwazję na Ukrainę. Rosyjski rząd nie docenił woli Ukraińców do walki o wolność, życie i europejskie ideały. Putin i jego poplecznicy nie przewidzieli również ostrej reakcji cywilizowanego świata na rosyjskie barbarzyństwo. Zaskoczeniem była dla nich bezprecedensowa pomoc wojskowa i finansowa, jakiej Zachód udziela Ukrainie. Rosyjska propaganda nie może ukryć przed światem straszliwych zbrodni wojennych i przestępstw przeciwko ludzkości popełnionych przez rosyjskie wojsko. Ta wojna to nie tylko wojna między dwoma państwami, to wojna między średniowiecznym barbarzyństwem a cywilizacją. Zwycięstwo Ukrainy determinuje nie tylko jej los, ale także cały światowy porządek.Item Russia’s War in Ukraine as a “War for Identity” and Appropriation of Cultural Tradition(Wydział Filozoficzny UAM, 2024-07-12) Mishalova, Olena; Hordiichuk, Olha ; Sokolovskyi, OlehThe article analyzes Russia’s current war in Ukraine through the perspective of Francis Fukuyama’s concept of identity politics based on Samuel Huntington’s civilization approach. We argue that Russia’s war against Ukraine is a new type of war – a “war for identity” – a war that is waged primarily for the appropriation of Ukrainian cultural identity and historical heritage, rather than for political or economic resources. We believe that an effective explanatory framework for its consideration is provided by Huntington’s civilizational concept of the world order, in which the most widespread and dangerous conflicts will be between peoples belonging to different civilizations (and cultures). The article emphasizes that the Russian war in Ukraine is a direct consequence of two factors: on the one hand, Russia is not satisfied with its own cultural tradition and seeks to appropriate Ukrainian cultural identity and historical heritage in order to restore the “lost empire”; on the other hand, Russia is historically a region of civilizational fault line between the countries of Western civilization and the countries of Eastern civilizations, it is a “torn” state in terms of cultural identity and has maintained its integrity for centuries only due to its authoritarian political regime, but constantly produces numerous conflicts around its borders.Item The Ideological and Ontological Causes of Russia’s War on Ukraine. West versus East; Tyranny versus Democracy(Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Philosophy, 2023-07-31) Hordiichuk, OlhaThe article deals with the causes of Russia’s war on Ukraine, which is based on political and geopolitical interests, economic and military strategies, ambitions of individual political leaders, and mentality factors. The ontological basis of the war is the historically formed fundamental difference between the spiritual world, mentality traits of Ukrainians and Russians, which formed under the influence of a particular culture, with its ethnic, value and worldview coordinates, and under the influence of ideologies that determined the features of social and political life at different historical times. A strong spiritual system is created in the social and cultural space of the state, which preserves its values from generation to generation in the culture, forming a stable mentality and enduring attitudes. Their conceptual comprehension expands the context of cause-and-effect connections, helps to understand the situation more deeply and to choose optimal effective mechanisms for gradually successfully resolving the complex geopolitical situation that threatens the whole world.Item The Political and Mental Aspects of Ukraine Integration with Europe(Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM, 2024-06-15) Hordiichuk, Olha; Dekert, Tomasz; Lysetska, YuliaThis research paper examines Ukraine’s path towards European integration. From the 10th to the 12th centuries, Ukraine – then known as Kyivan Rus’ – was a strong independent state, but due to internal conflicts and conquests, it became weakened and fell under the influence of other state entities. From the 17th century onwards, as a result of the Pereyaslav agreements (1654 and 1659) between the Cossacks and Moscow, Ukraine found itself increasingly under the sway of Russia, a situation that persisted until the collapse of the “prison of the peoples”, the Soviet Union. Despite Russian propaganda portraying Ukraine as an integral part of Russia for a long time due to shared history and culture, in reality, modern Ukraine and Russia are two different countries with distinct political systems, development trajectories, identities, mentalities, fundamental values, and traditions. Ukrainian society, though subjected to Sovietization during communist times and later targeted by political and propaganda actions from the Russian Federation, stands fundamentally opposed to the authoritarian Russian society and closer to the democratic European community. For centuries, Russian authorities sought to colonize and exploit Ukraine for their own interests, attempting to erase Ukrainian identity, language, traditions, and rewriting Ukrainian history, yet they failed to fully assimilate the Ukrainian people despite numerous manipulations and crimes against them. The European, Western development trajectory of Ukraine and its desire to break away from Russia’s sphere of influence is one of the main reasons for the current full-scale war. The greatest similarities between Ukraine and European states at the level of mentality include Ukrainian love for freedom, individualism, and desire for democracy, in contrast to Russian despotism and authoritarianism. These distinct features of the Ukrainian mentality have historically preserved and revived the Ukrainian nation, aiding in its further development and providing hope for its future not only geographically and economically but also mentally and spiritually.