Browsing by Author "Jankowiak, Ludwik"
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Item 25 lat polskiego handlu zagranicznego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Jankowiak, LudwikWith regard to the role which foreign trade should assume many conflicting views have been put forward. In the middle of 1950-ties, we witnessed the appearance of some autarchic tendencies — which, however, had nothing to do with the true essence of the socialist economy — as at the bottom of said tendencies lay above all the "cold war" and its economic consequences. Those tendencies were strengthened by serious balance of payment difficulties, caused primarily by the industrialization drive. A certain role was played also by the prevailing economic model, resting mainly on administrative, central directives and only in small degree on economic incentives. In the last few years the said tendencies have been checked — the industrial development reaching such a level, that the course on international specialization is becoming an objective necessity. The changes in the economic model and the abatement in discriminatory practices against the socialist countries by our western partners point also to that direction. Next, the author comes to the analysis of the commodities structure (pointing to the ever greater importance of industrial export goods) and to geographical directions of the Polish foreign trade. The trade with the socialist countries constitutes the driving force of our foreign trade. The respective turnover in the period of 1947 - 1968 rose roughly 17-times, whereas that with the capitalist countries increased less than 6-times. Trade with the underdeveloped countries in the period of 1950 - 1968 rose more than 9-times. The main reason for the dynamic development of trade relations with the socialist countries should be attributed to the common economic and political goals of these countries. Poland attaches also great importance to the development of trade relations with the capitalist world (which at present assume only small proportions). Our export commodity structure should comprise in an ever higher degree our industrial goods (of the I and IV commodity groups). We are also looking for new forms of activating trade with those countries by concluding cooperation agreements, cooperation on third markets, setting up mixed companies and so on. There is a distinctly favourable trend in our trade relations with the underdeveloped countries (in the last 15 years the highest rate of growth has shown trade with countries of the third world). Summing up, the author comes to the conclusion that the overpassing of the industrialization barrier by Poland, rendered our economy more sensitive to the external impulses and more or less forced us to take a more active part in the world economy and trade.Item Aktualne aspekty regionalizmu i gospodarki światowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1962) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Degradacja gospodarcza Europy(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1985) Jankowiak, LudwikThe surveys done by numerous trade and industrial organizations and by economic press in the West have proved an undoubted drop of European economy position in the scale of world economy. It is reflected in the domain of employment, technology and on the world commodity, service and monetary markets. Upon analysing the situation on labor market, different tendencies can be observed in the United States and Japan on the one hand and in the Western Europe on the other. They have been occurring for several years. The identical phenomenon is observed in the aspect of pioneering technology. Variety of microprocessors originating from the Silicon Valley, Ca. effected the new industrial revolution in the United States and in Japan. Numerous European industry managers are now facing the question how to operate in the computer age. A lack of properly trained staff and some conservative approach on the part of managers in their attitude to the technological progress can be seen as the main obstacle. Also in the currency sphere Europe has been outdistanced by the United States and Japan. What is the most suprising is the advancement of Japan to the front lines in European banking. Undoubtedly, one of the reasons of a falling position of European states is the insufficient progress in economic integration. Economic barriers, national pride, and cultural factors which are not susceptible at alterations are contributing to the present picture. All these elements can be called symptoms of the „European malady" i.e. the low rate of economic growth. It is also abnormal to devote the two thirds of the EEC budget for agriculture which has been for many years reducing a number of the employed.Item Deprecjacja pieniądza—stopa procentowa—inflacja(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1975) Jankowiak, LudwikThe author discusses in the paper the underlying causes for the present inflation in the capitalist world. He analyses at the beginning the permanent process of depreciation of currencies and the prevailing tendencies in banking rates. The causes of the inflation plague are complex. The author represents the opinion that the recent spasm of inflation has been touched off by two developments: 1) An extraordinary explosion in the price of commodities (comprising a wide range of goods), 2) The insistence of the world's nations — rich and poor alike — that they can increase consumption faster than production. The author next describes the different ways and means which are used to combat inflation, shows who are its main victims. The paper touches also on the internationalization of inflation processes (mainly through international trade) and finally analyses the signs of inflation processes which to a certain extent manifest themselves also in the socialist countries. The author points to the differences of inflationary processes in the capitalist and socialist systems.Item Handel zagraniczny Wschód-Zachód(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1960) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Kartele w kapitalistycznym handlu zagranicznym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1961) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Klasyczna doktryna kosztów komparatywnych w teorii handlu zagranicznego RPEiS 21(4), 1959(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Kontrola finansowa przedsiębiorstw gospodarki uspołecznionej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Kooperacja gospodarcza krajów socjalistycznych i kapitalistycznych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Jankowiak, LudwikIn the introduction the author underlines the importance and role of the foreign trade in the socialist economy. The rate of increase in the trade with abroad in CMEA countries ought to undergo a considerable acceleration and surpass the rate of increase of the national income and industrial production. In the course of the last years the socialist countries have done and still do big efforts aiming at extension and deepening of the profits of economical relations with highly developed West European countries. These efforts were expressed in active cooperation in bilateral talks that were to lead to liberalization of export to CMEA and EFTA countries, to the membership of GATT reacted by some of the socialist countries and in finished negotiations under the name of Kennedy Round. In that way we theoretically reached the approach to western markets — that in general depends on the quality of exported goods, their attractive price, short terms of delivery and profitable sale conditions for foreign contractive parties — this fact however does not solve the problem. Liberalization of import to CMEA and EFTA countries secures the approach to the west markets only in formal and legal terms. But there exists still another aspect of the problem. These markets got under control of the state and international concerns. The introduction of a new competitor is very difficult in that situation. A solution could be found in creating such a situation in which our presence on the West markets would be not only a competition but simultaneously a form of cooperation, profitable for our partners. Cooperation in the international scale would be the required form. Further on, the author discussed in the article three forms of cooperation: licence agreements in the branch of building and exporting machines, gadgets and agreements for cooperation with West enterprises in the aim of supplying on the markets of the third world. The author dealt as well with forms of scientific and technical cooperation and discussed profits of cooperation for both sides. Finishing the article the author put forward the thesis that cooperation helps to enliven the economical relations between East and West. Of course only under the condition that it will be only economical form of international cooperation with no political strings.Item Międzynarodoicy obrót towarowy w dobie procesów integracyjnych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1964) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Pszenica na rynku światowym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Jankowiak, Ludwik; Makieła, MarekThe first part of the paper deals with the analysis of the evolution of world wheat trade covering the period of 1934 -1967. The main regions of production, export and import of wheat have been characterized. The said analysis comprises the quantitative as well as qualitative aspects of the wheat market — it has, at the same time, a practical, economic overtone. This last aspect becomes clearer if we take into account, that wheat provides humanity with l/5th of all the consumed calories and occupies about 32% of the word cultivable land. Wheat takes the first place in the world's agricultural and food trade (representing over 60% in the world's grain tonnage). The authors devoted much attention to the problem of regulating the level of wheat prices according to the world scale. The last part of the paper concentrates on various aspects of international economical cooperation for the purpose of maintaining equilibrium on world wheat market.Item Ropa naftowa w handlu światowym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1962) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Skutki integracji Europy Zachodniej dla krajów gospodarczo nierozwiniętych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1963) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Środki walki z inflacją i prognozowanie inflacji w gospodarce kapitalistycznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Jankowiak, LudwikThe article deals with the ways and means of fighting inflation in the conditions of market economy. The majority of them either reduce the aggregate demand or increase the aggregate supply. The following are being analysed. 1) appropriate monetary and fiscal policies, 2) control of wages and prices, 3) tax incentives and reductions with the aim to stabilize prices. The author concludes that the best hopes (in the long run) lie in multiaspectual approach to policies of fighting or curbing the rate of inflation, such as: a) strict adherence to fiscal and monetary discipline, b) consultations between labour, business and government, c) reductions in state expenses, d) proper regulations of business activities (with a view of expanding employment and economic growth), e) various tax reductions, f) green light for foreign trade, g) reductions in armaments expenditures, avoidance of military conflicts, h) price stabilization policies, control of cartels and monopolies. People whose responsibility is to prognosticate inflation and suggest concrete economic steps to deal with it, are in a very difficult situation. It is true that a sensible economic policy can do much in this respect — there are nonetheless different elements hard to foresee and to evaluate (the future supply-demand balance with regard to energy for one example, the price of oil etc.). Another problem which may criss-cross all expectations is the possibility of financial bankruptcy of Third World countries (and as a matter of fact, not only Third World countries). The trouble is that we lack the proper theoretical basis for making correct prognoses. In the last few years, those prognoses were mostly wrong. The econometric models used proved inefficient. New methods and instruments are needed.Item Surowce i artykuły rolno-spożywcze w obrocie międzynarodowym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1965) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Teoria Malthusa w świetle aktualnej sytuacji na światowym rynku pszenicy(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1977) Jankowiak, LudwikAfter a short representation of the population theory and the law of diminishing land returns, the author characterises the world wheat market, drawing attention to the fact that already for many years the rate of wheat growth exceeds that of population growth. That fact, however, does not exclude periodical shortcomings in different world regions. The world wheat reserves also show a growing tendency — what in turn has its effect on prices on the world market. The author dwells next on efforts to bring some order in the world wheat market. He puts forward an opinion that something must change in the world demographic picture. The pressure to increase wheat production cannot have a permanent character.Item Walka krajów naftowych ze światowym kartelem naftowym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Jankowiak, Ludwik; Makieła, MarekThe underdeveloped countries which are rich in oil resources are putting up a fight against the exploitation policy of the world oil cartel. The body which is representing their interests is the OPEC organisation (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries). The setting up of this organisation was in fact a response of the oil producing countries to the successive reduction of the information price. OPEC is thus meant to constitute a kind of counterbalance to the world cartel, which is getting most of its crude oil on the territories of the OPEC countries. OPEC represents all Arab countries of the Near East, Venezuela, Indonesia, Libya. In the negotiations with the world cartel the OPEC brings forward numerous postulates. Some of them constitute subjects of this summary. One of the most important and complicated item are the information prices which serve as a basis for computing the royalties due to the governments of the oil producing countries. The next problem evolves around the regulation of the size of crude oil production. There are also some other problems, e.g. the problem of separating the concession fees from the income tax, the problem of raising the concession fees to 20 per cent of the information price or last but not least the problem of fixing a new proportion of dividing the profits on the 70 : 30 basis. The fight put up by OPEC by exclusively economic means — has no good prospects of success. The best way out of the difficulties seems to be the formation of native capital which would undertake the business of oil extraction and oil distribution. The fight with the world cartel is difficult because of .the political weakness of the oil countries, the anxiety concerning the oil distribution (the world's distribution network is mostly in the hands of the cartel) and the lack of native skilled labour. The attempts to nationalize the oil industry have taken place only in a few countries — they constituted, however, a bold example to the other oil producing countries. Lately the nationalization trend slackened somehow, on the other hand the formation of regional groupings are getting popular. There are at present two such organisations: ARPEL — the Organisation of State Oil Enterprises in Latin American Countries and APO — The Arab Oil Organisation. Of course the mere setting up of new organisations does not yet mean the end of the World Cartel — it does mean, however, that the times where it could control unconditionally the oil resources are definitely over.Item Wzrost roli transakcji barterowych w handlu Wschód — Zachód(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1976) Jankowiak, LudwikThe author dwells on the causes of the growling importance of bilateral barter agreements in East-Wiest tirade. To the principle clauses in the development of barter trade belong: the economic recession in the capitalist countries the rampant inflation in the western world and last but mot least the depreciation of western currencies. The said factors reawakened interest in barter transactions. The bilateral barter arrangements, of course, have always been broadly practised in trade transactions between socialist countries and in trade relations of the latter with Third World countries. The paper contains a few examples of the numerous barter arrangements with western countries. The author next proceeds to describe and analyse the main types of barter deals, that is to say clearing, switch operations, compensatiom and buy back barter. Finally, tine author drawls attention to the fact, that barter arrangements are being not only commonly used in foreign trade but also — as the American practice shows it — in purely internal trade transactions. The big concerns are switching to barter in order to secure for themselves regular and big supplies of rare raw materials and semi-finished goods, thus depriving small and medium enterprises access to needed vital supplies.Item Zagadnienie stosunków wymiany w teorii i praktyce handlu zagranicznego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1963) Jankowiak, LudwikItem Zagadnienie transportu w międzynarodowym obrocie ropy naftowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1968) Jankowiak, Ludwik; Makieła, MarekRaw materials used for energy production have one thing in common Their deposits are dispersed from a territorial point of view and their size quamtitively limited. In most cases the centers of production are far from the centers of consumption. This is particularly true in the case of crude oil, hence the great importance attached to the transport problem. Before reaching its point of destination, oil has to be transported over vast land and sea distances. The paper begins with a short historical review of successive phases in oil transportation in conjunction with its intensity' and capacity as well as the changing directions. ! The authors then analyse the different means, and their economic aspect of oil transportation, first by land (train, cars, river barges and pipelines) and next by sea (tankers and pipelines also). The paper also discusses the future perspectives concerning the problem of oil transportation.