Browsing by Author "Paczoski, Andrzej"
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Item Udział sektora prywatnego w budowie infrastruktury transportowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Paczoski, AndrzejTraditional ideas concerning public investments in transport infrastructure (roads, airports) tend to retreat. A new approach to the subject of suggests a new way of expanding the transport infrastructure. These proposals include deregulation and privatisation. New problems which tend to become more important contain: general rules and reasons of participation of private sector, practical side of private firms' involvement in the implementation of such projects. The paper considers all those aspects and concentrates on groups which have interest in infrastructure expansion. It is very important to identify problems and obstacles hindering the new developments (deregulation and privatisation). The cost - benefit analysis provides here a number of interesting solutions which may contribute to solve some of them. The participation of private firms in the process of planning, building and exploitation in transport investment projects is a source of a number of benefits for the whole economy. For example: an improvement in the balance of trade, growth of the GDP, increased employment, etc. Furthermore, private companies assure good quality of realised investment projects and economies in construction and exploitation costs. These elements are desirable for the whole society. Practical examples derived from the experience of more developed countries (transport infrastructure policy) can be fruitfully adopted in Poland. Our country is attractively located as far as the principal international trade flows are concerned. Poor conditions of Polish roads should stimulate the application of a new approach in infrastructure policy, such as deregulation and privatisation.Item Zadłużenie publiczne we współczesnych gospodarkach rynkowych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Paczoski, Andrzej; Pawłowski, GrzegorzThe operation of the public sector and its specific character bring about certain consequences for the market orientated economy. The impact of this sector on the real sphere (the allocationredistributive function) and the regulation sphere (the stabilisation function) determines the amount of public expenditure, which is related with the activities of the public sector agencies. In consequence of the state's need for resources designated to cover the needs of this sector the public budget deficit appears on the scene. The public debt policy depends on the model of market economy of a given state and its specific economic and social conditions. These differences can be perceived while analysing empirical data which determine: the amount of public debt, budget deficit and costs of its servicing. The situation of budgetary disequilibrium tends to make the government agencies to look for additional sources of budget revenue. One of principal means used to reduce the negative budget balance is the drawing of public loans (producing the so-called public debt). There is a close relationship between the public debt and the budget deficit, this relationship directly determines the level of government revenue and spending. The highly developed countries start to perceive the need to limit both the public debt and the budget deficit. An example confirming the above question are the stipulations of the Maastricht Treaty concerning the countries of the European Union which intend to develop the common monetary system. According to those stipulations the public debt should not exceed 60% of the GDP and the budget deficit 3% of the GDP. In spite of observable disproportions in the scope of public loans among particular OECD countries, a continuous growth m public debt and costs of its servicing has to be noted. Public debt tends to positively influence the level of general business activity in the short run only. The results of research concerning the relationship between the level of public spending (determined indirectly by the level of public debt) and economic growth tend to suggest that m the whole economy of particular countries long term, negative outcomes resulting from growing public spending become more and more visible. Among the principal dangers, that the public debt may engender either directly or indirectly it is possible to list the following: the crowding out effect, instability of public finance, unemployment, shifting of the burden of repayment of public debt to later periods with all its consequences (the possibility of an increase in tax charges), the danger of drawing loans intended for repayment of liabilities resulting from "former" indebtedness. According to the former considerations, the economic policy should be confined to the reduction of public debt and budget deficit. Basic activities, which could regulate the above problem could be boiled down to the following elements: limitation of the role of the state in economy, reduction of public spending, reduction of public administration, determination of the acceptable limits of government deficit and public indebtedness (which do not bring about negative impact on the economy - the Maastricht Treaty).