Browsing by Author "Piasny, Janusz"
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Item Dochody w gospodarstwach indywidualnych w okręgu środkowym zachodnim(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1966) Piasny, JanuszThe research work is based ori the results obtained from agricultural accountancy notes kept by approximately 140 peasant farms in the mid-western region. This region comprises almost the whole territory of the vaivodships of Poznań and Bydgoszcz. The results of study have been presented on the data of the following years: 1952/53, 1955/56, 1957/58, 1959/60, 1961/62 and l962/63. In the said periods of time the farms' incomes were changing chiefly under the influence of the following factors: the volume of production, the prices of agricultural produce, the obligation to the state and the revenues drawn from non- -agricultural occupations. The value of global production in the examined period has increased by 95% — thanks to the rise in the volume of crops and to the rise in procurement prices. The burden of obligation has decreased by 14°/o — especially in view of the reduced compulsory supply quotas, whereas the non-agricultural incomes have increased by 105%. All of those changes had a positive effect on the size of final incomes of peasant farms, rising them by l20%. The incomes falling on one member of peasant family reached in 1962/63 the amount of over 10 thousand zł., and were thus higher from the average income prevailing on a nationwide scale by 1800 zł. The earned incomes were always spent on consumption and production expenditures. In different periods various factors played, however, a decisive role in the way of spending incomes. Up to 1954/55, the prime factor in that respect were the consumption and not the production requirements. The accumulation at that time had been very small and even in the period of 1952/3 and 1953/54 a disaccumulation had taken place. It is only since 1956 that began a distinct but uneven rise in accumulation. This accumulation led to house construction activities, to the increase in livestock and farm equipment, to money saving habits and to the increase in stocks and reserves. In respect, however, to expenditures on renovations of melioration schemes, the examined farms showed for all the period in question only a limited reproduction. The accumulation in bigger farms is being derived mainly from agricultural income, whereas in the smaller and medium ones almost the whole accumulation has its origin in incomes drawn from non-agricultural occupations.Item Kierunki rozwojowe spożycia żywności na tle społecznej struktury wsi(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1961) Piasny, JanuszItem Kulturowa faza rozwoju społeczeństwa a realizacja perspektywicznego wzorca konsumpcji(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1976) Piasny, Janusz; Sołtysiak, JanThe contemporary human needs exceed the limits of reproduction. Therefore they can be easily steered. First of all the steering bodies should develop the needs belonging the broadly considered cultural sphere. It seems to be advantageous from the economic, sociological and ideological point of view.Item Miejsce i rola polityki konsumpcji w kształtowaniu spożycia w Polsce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Piasny, JanuszThe Polish economic literature adopts that a consumption policy should consist of an aggregate of principles, methods and means used by the State in order to increase the level and modernize the structure of consumption both in relation to the whole society and to its basic socio-professional groups and individuals. Therefore the main subject and task of the consumption policy is to delimit directions of the consumption development, define its current and target levels, material structures, indicate at priorities in consumption and propose methods and tools of implementation. As far as Poland is concerned, for the whole postwar period only a normative and active policy of consumption was encountered. It can be generally stated though, that in particular years of functioning of our economy and under certain conditions it has never become a compact system of goals and instruments of their implementation,, for the whole of the examined period. It was characterized by fragmentarity, ad hoc actions and the lack of coherence. Thus under the conditions of presently implemented economic reform, a clear definition of goals and tasks of the consumption policy becomes an utmost -necessity. The consumption policy, being an element of the superior goals of the economy is able to and should become an active element of the new economic system which is to be introduced in course of the implementation of the economic reform. The system has to contribute to more effective and rational relating production to the consumption. Yet, returning a general monetary-market equilibrium and partial equilibria, then preventing their drastic upsetting are the prerequisits to pursue the active consumption policy by the State. The previous practice indicates that only under conditions of market equilibrium the process of rationalizing consumption structure and optimizing a consumption effect can effectively take place. It is of a primary importance for the implementation of the active consumption policy.Item Model konsumpcji w polskim piśmiennictwie ekonomicznym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Woś, Jerzy; Piasny, JanuszThe task of the article is a study of a consumption policy, its substance, targets and basic conditioning in the real economic environment. Particularly it is the case of presenting results of certain variants of consumption policy in the period of accelerated and impeded economic growth. Defining the essence of consumption policy in the socialist economy and the attempt at generating models of the consumption policy are the departure point. It is established in the result of the discussion that in the initial acceleration phase the consumption policy adopts a motivational character and results in a formation of a motivational consumption model, on account of limiting the inflow of means to the branch II in the second acceleration phase,, the incentive power of consumption considerably decreases and the consumption model adopts more and more the features on the unbalanced one. In the final acceleratiomal phase and in the initial period of the impeded growth the unbalanced model is finally formed and it can adopt features of reproductioinal model subject to the degree of market disequilibrium. Throughout all the periods we have to deal with market disequilibrium, in the period of motivational model it is shallow and becomes aggravated during the reproductional model period, and may end up with a regulated sale of consumptional goods.Item Podstawowe zmiany w poziomie i strukturze konsumpcji w Polsce Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Piasny, JanuszThe tendencies discussed in the paper pertain to the consumption resulting from personal incomes during the 25-years' period in the Polish People's Republic. A constant growth of incomes of the population has been found to be accompanied by an increase of the general level of consumption per capita and essential changes have been observed in the structure of consumption this being true as for town as for countryside. The systematic decrease in the consumption of goods of the lower order has been stated to be followed by a constant increase in purchases of the goods that meet the demands of the higher order. This increase has appeared so significant that in spite of the quantitative as well as of the qualitative development on the diet pattern the contribution of means spent on food to the total expenditure has been stated to decrease systematically. A continued increase in consumption and rapid changes of its structure in farmers' families have resulted in a marked tendency to diminishing differences between the town and countryside consumption patterns. Contrary to the pre-war period during which these differences were very deep almost full equlization has been obtained as far as the food consumption is concerned, a fairly good resemblance being achieved in the purchase pattern of clothes, footwear, underclothing and the differences have been considerably reduced concerning expenses on personal hygiene, health protection, culture and education. A decrease in differences has been also observed as far as the household equipment is concerned, such as furniture, televisors, radio sets, washing machines, sewing machines, vacuum cleaners and other house utensils as well. As regards the consumption of foods the following tendencies have been observed: democratization of consumption as shown by the decrease in differences of the diet pattern between different social and professional groups of the population, an increasing contributions of the richer in vitamins and animal proteins, foods of higher quality to the diet pattern, the high rate of increase in the food consumption combined with its constant denaturalization especially in the country. As far as the level of consumption is concerned Poland has approached that of the highly developed countries. The differences that are still being observed especially those concerning the consumption of fish, cheeses, fruits and some vegetables have no structural character and can be eliminated in a relatively short time.Item Polityka społeczna i jej wpływ na warunki życiowe ludności w Polsce Ludowej .(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1978) Piasny, JanuszThe paper can be divided somewhat into two parts. In the first one the origin and development of social policy in Poland have been presented. Particular stress has been put on changes in that policy after the second world war. Then the personal and subject scopes have been described as well as basic forms and subjects of realization of the social policy in the People's Poland. In the second part of the article specific results of the social policy have been presented with particular regard to effects of social services developed in the favour of population. The progress has been underlined in forms and means of ensuring equal start to all the people, securing material conditions of life and relief to older people and to people incapable of working. The influence of social policy on development of still higher population's aspirations and needs and on improvement in the quality of life has been also presented. In that part the hitherto achieved results of the social policy towards peasants running individual farms have been presented as well. The article ends in showing basic intentions of the social policy, which will have been realized till 1980.Item Poziom i jakość życia ludności oraz źródła i mierniki ich określania(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1993) Piasny, JanuszThe author points to the complexity of determining the standard and quality of living in theory and practice. He stresses the need to develop various sources of information and sociostatistical tools of their analysis within a so-called Integrated System of Household Research. In t h e article the author: — defines the standard of living and discusses synthetic and analytic measures of its determining; — defines the concept of the "quality of living" and subjective and objective measures allowing to assess its changes; — points to the advantages and disadvantages of household budget research, agricultural accounting of farms and other forms of research as sources of information on different aspects of t h e standard and quality of living; and — makes a synthetic review and evaluation of the outcome of the research on the quality of living in the early 90s in Poland. Among the conclusions concerning the improvement of the system of analyzing t h e standard and quality of living mention should be made of: — the need to analyze the standard and quality of living in conjunction with the economic, demographic, sociological and psychological factors shaping the standard and quality of living; — the need to include into the research new socio-economic groups (self-employed families and so-called free professions); — the need to adjust the classification of revenues and expenses of t h e population to Western European standards; — the need to improve the methodology of estimating living expenses, and the methodology of calculating income and real pay; — the need to develop and improve the research not only on the standard of living, but also on the "quality of living", in order to fully employ these categories to solving various social policy problems.Item Próba porównania systemu zabezpieczenia socjalnego w Polsce i Republice Federalnej Niemiec(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1988) Piasny, JanuszThe article points out to the place, role and legal aspects of social security systems in social policy of both countries. The author first compares the scopes, forms and types of social benefits and then compares those elements of both systems which in his opinion are of greatest importance. Thus, the subject-matter of comparisons were: number of working hours, the system of retirement and disability benefits, maternity benefits, the system of occupational injuries and diseases benefits, the employees' rights to holidays, unemployment benefits, forms of help rendered to senior citizens, and the system of health protection benefits.Item Problemy tworzenia i funkcjonowania rynku żywności ekologicznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1997) Łuczka-Bakuła, Władysława; Piasny, JanuszSome basic economic problems connected with establishing and development of ecological food market are discussed in the article. The market of ecological food differs fundamentally from the conventional food market when we consider both characteristic features of a product, price level, channels of distribution on one hand, and the buyers bracket on the other. Within this market not only a separate system of labelling the products and special procedures for controlling their production and processing are implemented but also - separate channels of distribution and distinct information system. Though it is a market which is constantly increasing, nevertheless the demand for the products is up to now not big enough to be able to guarantee effective exploitation of specific infrastructure necessary for its further existence and development, i.e. food processing, channels of distribution and information.Item Problemy wzrostu dochodów ludności i konsumpcji w Związku Radzieckim(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Piasny, JanuszIn the paper there are represented some indices of the changes of the living standard of people, who live as well in the town as in the country. The basical indices were worked out mainly in reference to the years 1950 -1967, only in some cases there were shown the general tendencies that took place in the scope of income and consumption in the last 50 years. A steady base of the growth of income of people as well direct as indirect Was the increase of the national income that in the course of the last 50 years multiplied 37 times. In the consequence the real income of workers, who worked in the industry and building increased 5 times per 1 worker and the real income of people increased above 9 times. The growth of real people's income was done mainly in 3 ways, namely as the result of the successive reduction of pricess for some goods of common comsumption, by the increase of workers wages and the steady enlarging of the social services from the social funds of consumption. In the result of the increase of real income there was changed not only the amount of consumption but also the structure of the consumption of the Soviet people. In the scope of consumption of food there increased especially the consumption of meat, fish, fish products, milk, diary products, eggs and vegetables. The tendency of improving the quality of the eaten products was very distinct especially in the last 17 years. In the examined period of time (1950 -1967) there increased many times shopping of the articles of culture-existential goods. A big dynamics was shown in buying television sets, radio sets, furniture, bicycles, motorcycles, scooters, refrigerators, electric cleaners, polish machines, sewing machines, and all kinds of tricots, clothes and shoes., A big influence on the improving of living conditions and on the structure of people's expenses had in the last years an immense development of the residential building. In the result of big progress in the residential building in the last 12 years almost 160 millions of Soviet citizens improved their living conditions. The people of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics increased their savings with every year. In 1967 the whole amount of the reached 27 milliards roubles. These savings have been saved mainly for buying private cars and furnitureItem Rozwój socjalistycznej koncepcji podziału i jej wpływ na egalitaryzację społeczeństwa(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1980) Piasny, JanuszProblems of partition according to work and needs were and still are of a controversial mature. Therefore, the author tries to (present synthetic ally conditions of formulation and development, the very concept, as well as practical implementations of socialist partition principles. Theoretical sources of the Marxian partition concept presented on the ground of ideas of Utopian socialists, above all of Saint-Simon and Owen, are the starting point in considerations. Then the Marxian partition formula presented in „The Critics on Gothian Programme" has been submitted to the analysis. On that background a further modification of partition concepts has been presented, which results from experience gained in practice in the socialism construction in the USSR and the People's Republic of Poland. The elaboration ends with showing the influence of practical realization of socialist (partition (principles on the range of egalitarism in up to now existing socialist societies. Objective and subjectve dfficulities have been also pointed out, which are connected with realization of egalitarism in the scope of equality, of measures, possibilities and life conditions of particular social groups and «classes>.Item Świadczenia socjalno-bytowe zakładów pracy na rzecz pracowników i ich rodzili(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1985) Piasny, JanuszThe evolution and assesment of functioning of a system of employers' social benefits for workers and their families is a subject of the discussion in the article. The following social benefits are mily vacations, holiday's rest and tourism, rest of children and youth, maintaining cultural and educational units, and a developement of a phisical culture and sports. Those forms of services are aiming at securing proper conditions for workers and their families to reproduce working force in the leisure time. The second group of services is the benefits related directly to forming work conditions of persons employed in a given enterprise. Those benefits include subsiding enterprise housing, workers' lodging houses, private rooms, collective catering, schooling and medical services attached to an institution. The article presents not only changes in the scope of formation and distribution of benefits but also indicates at the previous failures of their functioning and at the ways and possibilities of their overcoming in the future.Item Systemy zabezpieczenia społecznego na przykładzie RFN(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1995) Piasny, JanuszIn the paper there is an attempt to answer two basic questions: — what types of developed market economies function today and what kind of social security schemes they offer; — which of those models could be a desirable one for Poland. Answering the first question, the author presented a brief characteristics of: — the system of individual capitalist market economy; — the system of social market economy; — the system of market economy in a welfare state. From the point of view of the existing conditions and possibilities of transformations, the most useful model for Poland seems to be the second one mentioned above i.e. a system of social market economy implemented in Germany. Therefore, the majority of considerations contained in the paper relates to the functioning of the German model of the social security system and its principles in Germany, including: constitutional and legal protection of social benefits, obligatory insurance and a variety of non-insurance related types of benefits offered to different sectors of the population.Item The place and role of Poznań Academy of Economics in educating economists and in economic research(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1987) Piasny, JanuszIn the first part of his article the author sketches the conditions of establishing, in 1926, the School of Trade and then stresses its scientific and teaching development resulting in the subsequent changes of names into the Trade Academy in 1938, School of Economics in 1950 and the Academy of Economics in 1974. The main part of the article includes information and evaluations as to: — the actual profile of the Academy together with its teaching disciplines and specializations; — main lines of research concerning national and local economy carried out in the Academy; — teaching and research cooperation with foreign scientific centers. The final part of the article contains prognoses concerning the research staff, the changes in the structure and fields of instruction and indicates the areas of more intensive research up to the year 2000. Throughout the whole article the emphasis is placed on the position and role of the Poznań School in the subsequent developmental phases of economic schooling of academic rank in Poland.Item Wpływ mechanizacji na towarowość rolnictwa(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1960) Piasny, JanuszItem Wskaźniki rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego radzieckiej Gruzji(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Piasny, JanuszIn 1968 there have passed forty seven years since the institution of Soviet authority in Georgia. During that time Georgia became transformed from an underdeveloped country into a leading republic of the Soviet Union. She has succeeded immensely in the development of industry and agriculture, developed the cultural life and raised considerably the living standard of the population. The industrial output in 1966 was 62 times higher than its level in 1913 and in the same time the agricultural output has been raised six times. Year in, year out the population was better satisfied with foodstuffs and industrial articles, the housing conditions and the cultural services were constantly improved. The consumption of foodstuffs and industrial articles was growing mainly in consequence of higher wages and lower prices of some basic groceries, whereas the improvement of housing and social and economic living conditions took place via the expanding benefits of the state and cooperative services (social consumption funds). Soviet Georgia has great achievements in the development of health-protection and education services. For every 10 000 residents there are 35 physicians, 83 persons of medical custodial staff, and 167 students — that sets Georgia in this respect in the very front rank of the world.Item Zmiany w poziomie i strukturze konsumpcji na wsi w rejonie poznańsko-bydgoskim(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1966) Piasny, JanuszThe paper deals with the goods and services consumption paid for from personal income of the peasant population in individual farms of the mid-western region, comprising almost entirely the voivodships of Poznań and Bydgoszcz. The basis of the study constitute the results of agricultural accounting kept by individual peasant farms and the data of the Central Statistical Office. The analysis is based on data comprising the years 1952/58 — 1962/63, with a special stress put on the last few years of said period. In the analysed period there was an increase of personal income per one family member ranging from 4,690 zł. to 10,020 zł. In the same lapse of time the general consumption fund per capita rose from 4,595 zł, to 9,000 zł, that is to say around 96%. Taking, however, into consideration the indexes of retail prices for goods and services, it can be fairly assumed that the real rise in consumption fund was somewhat smaller, and amounted to around 85%. The increase in food consumption was also smaller than the rise in the other elements of the general consumption fund. As a result the percentage share of foodstuffs dropped from 66,5% to 53,8%. The increases in expenditures concerned mainly such items as: linen, furnitures and households ware, hygiene and health, culture, education and other. In the last group a special mention deserves: bicycles, motorcycles and cars. There was a distinct substitution process in foodstuffs consumption — an ever increasing amount of ready made foodstuffs being bought outside the farm. The share of natural consumption (produced in farm) in the general consumption fund dropped from 61% to 37%. There was also a noticeable trend to switch from low calories food items to higher ones. The average daily intake of calories per one person member was high and generally surpassed the amount of 3500 calories. Those tendencies in consumption in individual peasant farms narrowed considerably the consumption habits in towns and in the villages.