Browsing by Author "Zakrzewski, Zbigniew"
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Item Czynniki przestrzenne w gospodarce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Edward Taylor (1884 - 1984). Sympozjum w PTPN(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1985) Nowakowski, Zygmunt Konrad; Zakrzewski, ZbigniewOn the hundredth Anniversary of the birthday and the twentieth Anniversary of the death of prof. Edward Taylor a solemn Symposion took place at the Poznan Society of the Friends of Sciences (PTPN). Opening the symposion, prof. Zakrzewski recalled the main stages of scientific and social life of that scholar. The debates were presided by the Chairmen of the History and Social Sciences Department at the PTPN — prof. Zygmunt Konrad Nowakowski. The symposion consisted of two parts. The first one was devoted to a pronouncement of earlier elaborated papers while the second brought occasional pronouncements and appearances. At the conclusion of debates two resolutions were adopted to celebrate the memory of the late prof. Edward Taylor. The first one, directed to the President of Poznań, is applying to name one of the city streets after Edward Taylor and the second one designing a foundation of commemorating plate by the Professor's disciples and situating it in a suitable place.Item Elementy przestrzenne w gospodarce przedsiębiorstw, osiedli i regionów(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Istota handlu w świetle współczesnej literatury ekonomicznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1968) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewIt is conventionally accepted, that trade denotes a secluded economic discipline in the social division of work, moving the mass of goods from the production to the consumption sphere. However, there is no complete agreement as to what place the trade holds in the complex of economic processes as well as to the functions exercised by trade. The correct conception of the essence of trade requires consideration of special postulates: a) statements explaining the essence fo trade ought to be so general that they refer to the complex of this economic discipline, b) the essence fo trade ought to reflect objectively the existing elements and not the elements which ought to be, c) the economic categorie of „trade" should be explained in close connection with materialistic grounds, of economic relations, d) the essence of trade ought to be explained on the basis of economics. In contemporary literature, three basic outlooks on the essence of trade can be noted. Some authors stress mostly the role of trade in the process of reproduction, others stress its functions as the distributer of goods, still others, the representatives of so called theory of service trade, regard trade as the producer of services in the meaning of rendering of all kinds facilities and benefits on behalf of the consumers. Each of these three ideas introduces some hew essential moments and simultaneously it is debitted with some deficiencies. The basic fault of the theory of services mostly proposed is, that the different kind of services suggested concern mainly retail trade, but the remaining spheres of trade are not joined with an aven type of economic services.Item Kierunki zmian strukturalnych na rynku dóbr konsumpcyjnych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewTo the most important bases of organizational solutions on consumer goods market belong guiding intentions of steering it towards a certain direction. Anxiety for producing and renderring accessible use values to consumers and permanent aiming at current market equilibrium are among these intentions. Structural changes, that are taken up for better harmonization of supply with demand for consumer goods, should take into account definite premisses of action. A great complexity of the market as well as of grasping the permanent production-processing-commercial process as a whdle, that is influenced by one, common guiding motivation, should also be taken into account. It is also worth of having in mind the accompanying phenomenon of uncertainty, which calls for protection against risk, not only of purely commercial risk, but — in general — of market one, that occurs still in the sphere of industry. Securing the main objects of market policy is favoured by development and consolidation of big sectors — „industrial- -trade-service" complexes within the national economy with the task of comprehensive and full service of a definite kind of society's material needs. Co-existence of many producers of the same commodity is of big importance here. Under competitive conditions particular market participants are forced to adjust themselves to changing demand-supply relationships. Uncertainty and impendency are indispensable conditions of efficient harmonization of supply with demand, when all customers' preferences considered i.e type, guantity and quality of goods, place, time and way of purchase as well as accompanying assortment. The role should be finally pointed out of small enterprises on the market, which show necessary activity and elasticity.Item Metody ujmowania obrotu towarowego w nauce polskiej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Myśl ekonomiczna w nauce o handlu wewnętrznym w dwudziestopięcioleciu Polski Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewEconomic theory concerning internal trade problems in Poland in the years 1945 - - 1969 was influenced by the social and economic changes that were being accomplished in that time. Achievements of Polish Scientists in the field of trade mean a better knowledge of goods traffic processes, the use of imprioved research methods and advice and suggestions for economic policy and practice. The development of economic theory in the post-war period may be divided into three stages: the stage of economic rebuilding 1945 - 1049, the six-years' plan 1950 - 1955, the period of new asumptions in economic policy 1956 - 1969. The study of trade economics as a discipline helping the socialized trade by means of generalations and estimates was developed in the period of the six-years' plan. Very favourable conditions for a development of trade studies were created after the year 1956. In economic policy main stress was laid on development of consumer goods production, on replacement — within the range of possibility of a management system based entirely on directives by a system based on economic incentives, on decentralization, on meeting maximum market demand, and on creation of a new atmoshpere in the field of Polish science, favourable for a development of critical thought and profound analises of exchangeable relations. Therefore the most important scientific achievements in the field of economy as regards market and trade problems were reached in the years 1956 - 1969.Item Myśl ekonomiczna w pierwszych latach niepodległości(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1978) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewThe article contains a review of Polish economic thought considering selected works published in the years 1919 - 1923. Independence gained by Poland created conditions promoting extremely dynamic development of economic literature. Particularly worthful in the sphere of economics theory was the contribution of T. Brzeski, A, Krzyżanowski, R. Rybarski, E. Taylor and W. Zawadzki. It concerned above all general methodological elements of that science. Among others W. Czerkawski, T. Lulek and E. Rose occupied themselves with general questions of economic policy. T. Adamczewski, A. Krzyżanowski, E. Taylor and F. Zweig concerned themselves above all with theoretical and practical problems of money, finances and credit. The economics of agriculture owed its development in the years 1919 -1923 most of all to the works of W. Grabski, Z. Ludkiewicz and W. Schramm Economists of that period in their works and contributions subjected willingly to the analysis the process of mark inflation and its negative consequences, proposing at the same time definite remedial measures.Item Ocena działalności przedsiębiorstwa handlowego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1968) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewThe most appropriate criterion, synthetic in character, which qualifies the actions and results of an enterprise seems to be the efficient and economical maximal supply of consumer goods and associated services. It is a question of a supply meeting the effective demand as to the kind, quantity and quality of goods, and their assorted groups, and also the demand as it appears in time and area. In the light of this criterion, the volume of sale and profit made by the enterprise cannot be entirely adequate indices in the estimation of its work. At the present state of scientific cognizance there is no possibility of precise expression in the form of a developed formula of a leading criterion or an index for such an estimation, The index should take into account the basic economic functions of trade: a) co-ordination of supply and demand as to the kind of goods, b) marketing of goods in time, c) marketing of goods in area, d) size of lots of goods, e) assorting of goods, f) guarantee of quality of goods, g) suitable form of offering goods to the consumer. The estimation of working conditions of the trading enterprise should consider the social-economic background of the territory where it acts, and also economic quantitieis settled in macroscale (prices, margins, commissions, elements of finacial system, etc.). Of importance, too, is a good knowledge of the economic situation of other enterprises of the same branch. An analysis of such scope cannot be restricted to a comparison of real execution of the plan with the planned tasks.Item Ochrona konsumenta w krajach kapitalistycznych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1962) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Ogólne kierunki rozwoju nauki o handlu wewnętrznym w Polsce Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1980) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewDominating tendencies marked out in a socio-economic policy have been conventionally accepted as a basis of a review of achievements of internal trade science in the Peopled Poland in subsequent periods. A proper share of particular sectors, i.e. of the state, co-operative and private (sectors, in the whole trade activity was among others the subject of live interests of the science and of economic publicism in the years of economic reconstruction (1945 - 1949). In the period of the Six-Year Plan realization (1.950 - 1055) new separate trade disciplines emerged, that served with their scientific achievements to the needs of developing socialist trade. The disciplines concentrated their efforts on all problems of shaping trade organization. An essential progress in recognition of a market mechanism, conditions of consumer's demand and the most important economic and organizational aspects of turnover of commodities was strongly marked in the years of principal changes in the economic policy (1956 - 1970). Interests were devoted also to theory of trade and new concepts within that scope put forward: The still developing scientific discussion on appraisal, of commodity turnover functioning gave push, especially in the seventies, to new ideas tending to adjust properly organizational structure of consumers goods market as well as its systems of planning and management with consumers' needs and preferences. It allowed in turn to introduce problems of modern marketing in a broad approach.Item Problemy metodyczne w historii ekonomiki(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Przyczynek do teorii efektywności handlu wewnętrznego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1962) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Rynek rolniczy i jego odrębności(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewItem Stanowiska pracy o charakterze gospodarczym a kwalifikacje(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1974) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewLes liaisons voulues et opportunes de la qualification professionnelle avec les différentes sortes de postes de travail favorisent robtention de bons résultats. Dans rengagement économique on peut distinguer les groupes suivants des postes de travail: a) de la direction générale, b) de la direction des cellules d'organisation, c) de l'analyse économique, d) spécialisés de l'opération (de l'action), e) spécialisés „exécutifs". Cette division crée une bonne base de l'établissement d'une sorte des qualifications indispensables. Avec le développement intentif de la science et de la technique apparaissent et sont créées de nouvelles professions: de l'informatique, des mathématiciens — programmeurs etc. Les qualifications comprises et conçues comme l'ensemble des valeurs indispensables de la personnalité à l'exécution du travail donné, contiennent comme innées — formées et créées sous l'influence de l'environnement et du milieu et avant tout acquises grâce à la propre expérience professionnelle — la science, les aptitudes, les facultés intellectuelles, les qualités morales etc. Le haut-sens et la conscience de la responsabilité ainsi que le savoire-faire de vivre en commun avec les hommes forment et constituent les qualités indispensables à chaque poste. Les autres exigences de la spécialité et du degré de l'instruction, des valeurs spéciales intellectuelles et des savoir-faire pratiques sont liées aux genres particuliers des postes. L'accomplissement des fonctions de planification, consultatives et d'investigation; est un devoir spécial de l'économiste; ce sont des travaux indépendants et typiquement conceptuels, exigeant des connaissances approfondies de la théorie de l'économie.Item Studia ekonomiczne na Uniwersytecie Poznańskim, w latach 1919-1951(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewOn account of 50th anniversary of the University of Poznań it is worth to remind the achievements of economical and political studies that had started at the University more than 25 years ago. In the past centuries Poznań and Great Poland were deeply interested in economical science and studies of economy at the university level. However only the foundation of the University of Poznań made possible the organization of economical and political studies. The aim of these studies was to prepare graduates for the needs of Polish economy and science, these graduates ought to be thoroughly prepared not only in general and theoretical basis of economy but also to think in terms of principles of other social sciences like law, administration and sociology. University training on the economical studies was to serve in preparation of graduates in managing and conceptional direction. The Economic and Political Section of the University of Poznań realized in the time of its existence 3-year studies and later 4-year studies. In the post-war period there were introduced new, obligatory subjects in the consequence of the new economic conditions in Poland and the needs of economy and plans. Among the lecturers of the Economical and Political Section of the University of Poznań were many meritorious scientifists. In the time of the existence of the Section there were given 56 doctor diplommas. Every third doctor chose the scientific carrier and worked in a high school. On the Economical and Political Section of the University studied average about 650 persons. The Section gave the finishing diplomas to about 1400 persons. Professors of the Section were very active in Poznań scientific and economical environment. The Economical and Political Section of the University of Poznań marked well in the history.Item Wskaźniki oceny działalności handlu(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Zakrzewski, ZbigniewWhen fixing indices to estimate commercial activity one should take account of only such phenomena in the field of goods traffic that can be conceived quantitatively and intercepted. It may be useful to isolate first of all the group of segmental indices of the nature of value to explain if and to what extent the trade meets the consumers' demands. The most important index belonging to that group is the one that determines how the trade acquits itself of the function of coordinating demand and supply in the respect of commodity assortment. Apart from an attempt to estimate to what extent the trade meets consumers' demands as regards the kind, quantity, quality, place and way of supplying the ultimate consumers with various goods it is necessary to determine with appropriate indices to what extent the trade acquits itself of its tasks for industry, agriculture accumulation, monetary policy, etc. Only such a broad system of indices gives a full picture of the commercial activity. Up to this time no compact system of analyses nas been created to estimate the trade in all its aspects.