Artykuły naukowe (WS)

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Application of the ecosystem services concept in environmental policy - A systematic empirical analysis of national level policy documents in Poland
(Elsevier, 2016-05) Mączka, Krzysztof; Matczak, Piotr; Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, Agata; Rechciński, Marcin; Olszańska, Agnieszka; Cent, Joanna; Grodzińska-Jurczak, Małgorzata
We explore the occurrence of the ecosystem services (ES) concept in public policies in Poland by providing a systematic content analysis of national environmental policies. A detailed analysis of the legal acts, national strategies, and decrees using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services codes, which embraces a full range of ES, shows that the ES concept is reflected in the investigated documents. However, it is mainly depicted in an indirect, latent form. We further explore the ES concept occurrence in the Polish legislation with in-depth interviews of experts. From the interviews we identify two general groups of barriers to the ES concept implementation in environmental policy: (a) a limited understanding and acknowledgement of the concept among individuals involved in policy making; and (b) sectoral divisions within environmental governance that hinder the spread of the concept. Analysis reveals that the concept of services for society provided by nature had already been perceived in Polish national environmental policies before the emergence of the ES concept and the implementation of the EU biodiversity policy. However, the concept is referred to mostly in a latent form, before and after its emergence.
The ecosystem services concept as a tool for public participation in management of Poland’s Natura 2000 network
(Elsevier, 2019-02) Mączka, Krzysztof; Chmielewski, Piotr; Jeran, Agnieszka; Matczak, Piotr; van Riper, Carena J.
This paper examined how the ecosystem services (ES) concept was employed as a tool for stakeholders from different social and professional worlds to deliberate about the management of Natura 2000 areas in Poland. Drawing from Framing Theory and discourse analysis, we analyzed public documents that were generated over a five-year period. We observed that many public debates were couched within the ES framework and related to management of a range of land cover categories. Our results also indicated the majority of public discussions were descriptive and neutral, with a focus on maintaining the flow of Provisioning, and Regulation and Maintenance services to local communities. Normative tones were adopted, particularly surrounding Cultural ES, despite the limited amount of time that stakeholders dedicated to exploring these topics. Our results reinforce the importance of considering the ES concept as a boundary object that maintains interpretive flexibility and focuses stakeholder attention on points of potential social conflict. The implications that emerge from this research are particularly relevant for protected areas, such as those found in Poland, which are reforming environmental protection plans and seeking communication tools to facilitate public participation, environmental sustainability, and more equitable policy outcomes.
From framework to boundary object? Reviewing gaps and critical trends in global energy justice research
(Elsevier, 2021) Iwińska, Katarzyna; Lis, Aleksandra; Mączka, Krzysztof
The concept of energy justice (EJ) has gained importance in discussions about energy transitions, mainly due to a growing number of researchers working on the social implications of greenhouse gas emission reductions. At the moment, EJ is defined as a framework for discussing fairness in energy systems and operates as an umbrella term to signify various concerns related to energy development across diverse groups to enable communication. Thus, we call EJ a boundary object (BO) and discuss its further evolution into a standard, or its dissolution into several locally specific concepts. This study provides a systematic review of the literature that applies the concept of EJ: how its features developed and how it gained popularity in academic publications to mid-2019. We present a bibliometric overview of the number of occurrences of the concept across the literature using the Scopus and WOS databases (N = 182) and, using VOSviewer software, we describe similarities between research topics to which the concept was related. By mapping out its diverse thematic and geographic applications, we review the critical trends and claim that EJ can address real-life challenges. We submit that it will have more practical power once it starts being used more broadly to build cooperation among scholars, policymakers, activists, and grassroots movements.
Use of Bi-Temporal ALS Point Clouds for Tree Removal Detection on Private Property in Racibórz, Poland
(2021-02) Przewoźna, Patrycja; Hawryło, Paweł; Zięba-Kulawik, Karolina; Inglot, Adam; Mączka, Krzysztof; Wężyk, Piotr; Matczak, Piotr
Trees growing on private property have become an essential part of urban green policies. In many places, restrictions are imposed on tree removal on private property. However, monitoring compliance of these regulations appears difficult due to a lack of reference data and public administration capacity. We assessed the impact of the temporary suspension of mandatory permits on tree removal, which was in force in 2017 in Poland, on the change in urban tree cover (UTC) in the case of the municipality of Racibórz. The bi-temporal airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds (2011 and 2017) and administrative records on tree removal permits were used for analyzing the changes of UTC in the period of 2011–2017. The results show increased tree removal at a time when the mandatory permit was suspended. Moreover, it appeared that most trees on private properties were removed without obtaining permission when it was obligatory. The method based on LiDAR we proposed allows for monitoring green areas, including private properties.
Conflicts in Ecosystem Services Management: Analysis of stakeholder participation in Natura 2000 in Poland
(Elsevier, 2021-03) Mączka, Krzysztof; Matczak, Piotr; Jeran, Agnieszka; Chmielewski, Piotr Jerzy; Baker, Susan
The relationship between specific ecosystem services (ES) and different types of conflicts are explored to aid understanding of the barriers to effective biodiversity conservation management. Drawing from conflict theory, content analysis is undertaken of public documents generated during consultations about Natura 2000 management that were conducted in Poland between 2010−2015. Results show the links between conflict over conservation planning and stakeholders’ perceptions of potential threats to their access to, and use of, particular ecosystem types. Cultural and provisioning ES generate more conflict, with conflict over cultural ES dominating. Conflict over the value of conservation itself was less prevalent, indicating a general agreement about the need for conservation planning. The lack of standardized procedures for reporting on public consultation process negatively effected institutional memory and limited the opportunities for learning lessons from past mistakes and from good practices.
Improving methods to calculate the loss of ecosystem services provided by urban trees using LiDAR and aerial orthophotos
(Elsevier, 2021-05) Zięba-Kulawik, Karolina; Hawryło, Paweł; Wężyk, Piotr; Matczak, Piotr; Przewoźna, Patrycja; Inglot, Adam; Mączka, Krzysztof
In this paper we propose a methodology for combining remotely sensed data with field measurements to assess selected tree parameters (diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree species) required by the i-Tree Eco model to estimate ecosystem services (ES) provided by urban trees. We determined values of ES provided by trees in 2017 in Racibórz (a city in South Poland) and estimated the loss of ES from January 1, 2017 to March 5, 2017, a period of changing legislation that temporarily allowed removal of trees on private property without any permission from city authorities. We applied Canopy Height Models (CHM; GSD 1.0 m) generated from two sets of ALS LiDAR point clouds (acquisitions on June 11, 2011 and March 5, 2017) and performed tree crown segmentations using the GEOBIA approach. Physical attributes were estimated for each tree using predictive models, developed based on field tree inventory . The reference areas for parameterizing the segmentation algorithm and assessing tree species composition were established in Racibórz, while reference data required for assessment of DBH were obtained from the MONIT-AIR project (from Municipality of Kraków). We found that in 2017, 988.79 ha of Racibórz (13.2 % of city area) was covered by the crowns of 264 471 trees, providing ES structural values worth over 384 mil €. The structural value of ES lost in the first months of 2017 (during which 5 075 trees were removed) was about 3.5 mil €. We concluded that in the face of information on tree crown cover that is often missing from city databases, tree inventories require application of a combination of multi-source and multi-resolution spatial analyses, including: administrative decisions for tree removal with exact location, predictive modelling of selected biometrical tree information, automatic crown segmentation on CHM and interpretation of regularly updated color infrared (CIR) aerial orthophotos.
Geo-Questionnaire for Environmental Planning: The Case of Ecosystem Services Delivered by Trees in Poland
(MDPI, 2021-12) Przewoźna, Patrycja; Inglot, Adam; Mielewczyk, Marcin; Mączka, Krzysztof; Matczak, Piotr; Wężyk, Piotr
Studies on society and the environment interface are often based on simple questionnaires that do not allow for an in-depth analysis. Research conducted with geo-questionnaires is an increasingly common method. However, even if data collected via a geo-questionnaire are available, the shared databases provide limited information due to personal data protection. In the article, we present open databases that overcome those limitations. They are the result of the iTre-es project concerning public opinion on the benefits provided by trees and shrubs in four different research areas. The databases provide information on the location of trees that are valuable to the residents, the distances from the respondents’ residence place, their attitude toward tree removal, socio-demographic variables, attachment to the place of life, and environmental attitudes. The presentation of all these aspects was possible thanks to the appropriate aggregation of the results. A method to anonymize the respondents is presented. We discuss the collected data and their possible areas of application. Dataset: The effect of interview location on the perception of Ecosystem Services provided by trees. A Polish case study. DOI: 10.34808/apm8-re13; Attitudes to tree removal on private property in rural and urban Polish municipalities. DOI: 10.34808/ds29-zt75; Attitudes to tree removal on private properties in two Polish cities. DOI: 10.34808/6d3c-qy88.
Models of participatory budgeting. Analysis of participatory budgeting procedures in Poland
(Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne, 2021-12) Mączka, Krzysztof; Jeran, Agnieszka; Matczak, Piotr; Milewicz, Maciej; Allegretti, Giovanni
This paper presents a study on participatory budgeting in Poland, analyzing participatory budgetingprocedures. We apply the typology of participation models proposed by Sintomer, and based on the previousresearch we investigate which model of participatory budgeting is characteristic for Poland. This study covered49 cases of participatory budgeting implementation in Western Poland, mainly in the Wielkopolska Province andthe neighboring provinces. The results show that none of the municipalities covered by the study had a relativelypure participatory budgeting model, as proposed by Sintomer. The procedures in the analyzed municipalities canbe characterized as the patchwork participatory budgeting model.
Ranking ecosystem services delivered by trees in urban and rural areas
(Springer, 2022-03) Przewoźna, Patrycja; Mączka, Krzysztof; Mielewczyk, Marcin; Inglot, Adam; Matczak, Piotr
Policies and strategies for tree management and protection on a national, regional, and local level have not sufficiently considered differences between rural and urban areas. We used expert knowledge to compare rural and urban areas in a case study evaluating the relative importance of ecosystem services (ES) in policy development. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and focus group discussions were used to rank 17 ES, representing four classes of services: provisioning, regulating, habitat, and cultural. The results indicated that effective protection strategies, beyond simply increasing general tree cover, should consider specific benefits trees provide to local communities. We discuss the role of objective prioritization of ES delivered by trees in urban and rural areas and their consequences for decision-making processes.
Cost-Effectiveness of CCTV Surveillance Systems: Evidence from a Polish City
(Springer, 2022-09) Matczak, Piotr; Wójtowicz, Andrzej; Dąbrowski, Adam; Mączka, Krzysztof
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance has been increasingly popular worldwide as a crime prevention measure, while its effectiveness, efficiency, and related privacy issues are debated. In this paper, we investigated whether the municipal CCTV surveillance system is cost-effective in the case study of Poznan, Poland. The analysis comprised (a) the preventive effectiveness of CCTV, (b) costs of CCTV surveillance system installation and operation, and (c) costs of crime. We collected police data on three categories of street crimes: (a) car burglary/theft, (b) car damage, and (c) robbery, as well as data on the costs of CCTV surveillance system construction and maintenance. We searched for a year after installing the CCTV system when the accumulated, hypothetical financial cost of crime was higher than the actual accumulated cost of crime and CCTV installation and maintenance in any treatment area. The number of crimes in a given category was predicted based on a comparable control area, where there were no cameras. Our study suggests that CCTV surveillance is cost-ineffective in most areas. This result implies the cautious development of CCTV surveillance, taking into account the target crime types and costs, including social costs and benefits. Evaluating cost-effectiveness, although considered as a robust measure, is in practice difficult. However, analysis of the correlation between land use characteristics and cost-effectiveness may provide practical advice on where to develop CCTV surveillance monitoring.
Epistemic justice impossible? Expert perceptions of the participatory monitoring of geo-energy projects in Poland
(Elsevier, 2023-06-07) Mączka Krzysztof; Lis-Plesińska Aleksandra; Iwińska Katarzyna
Achieving energy democracy requires public engagement and social inclusion in decision-making, but meaningful conversations between different groups are essential. In this study, we explore the possibility for such conversations through participatory monitoring practices around energy technology, using geoengineering projects as an example. Despite being central to the attention of local communities, these projects can be conceptually distant and inaccessible because of their subsurface location. This presents a challenge for engaging experts with non-experts. We elaborate the emerging concept of epistemic justice (defined as fair treatment and equal access to knowledge for all stakeholders) and especially one of its dimensions: hermeneutical justice (that emphasizes the need for institutions to respond to the voices of all stakeholders without any prejudices), as preconditions for democratizing energy production. By applying Q-methodology we analyze the attitudes of 22 experts from Poland toward non-experts' participation in common monitoring activities around geo-engineering projects. We identify three types of narratives: “pro-expert”, “pro-partnership”, and “pro-informative” and argue that experts may be uncertain about their responsibility to engage non-experts in energy projects. Through this study, we encourage experts and knowledge producers to reflect critically on their responsibility to engage non-experts in energy projects and implement democratic procedures more efficiently, including future participatory procedures, thus paving the way for energy democracy to thrive.

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