Wydział Biologii (WB)/Faculty of Biology

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Fosfofruktokinaza i kinaza pirogronianowa w tkankach skorupiaków i owadów
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 1993) Lesicki, Andrzej
Molecular and kinetic properties of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of crustacean midgut gland, hypodermis, muscle and heart as well as of insect fat body and flight, body wall and heart muscles have been characterized and compared. The results suggest that the reaction catalyzed by the phosphofructokinase is the most important point for glycolysis regulation in all studied tissues. The phosphofructokinases exist in different interconvertible molecular forms and their activity is regulated by several positive and negative effectors. It is suggested that fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is the most powerful one and it plays a role of the signal which turns the glycolysis on. The pyruvate kinase is also a regulatory enzyme but only in those tissues for which gluconeogenesis is postulated, that is in the crustacean midgut gland and hypodermis as well as in the insect fat body. In these tissues, the enzyme is found in different molecular forms, which are characterized by higher or lower activity in different physiological stages of the tissue. A mechanism of interconversion between them has been explained and the existence of forms of lower activity has been connected with those stages for which gluconeogenesis operation is expected. In strictly glycolytic tissues like crustacean abdominal muscle or insect flight muscle, pyruvate kinase exists in a singular molecular form of high activity. The role of the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the carbohydrate metabolism regulation of particular tissues is discussed.
O pewnych osobliwościach biologicznego i psychicznego pojmowania rozwoju
(Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1997) Czapla, Zbigniew
Zastosowanie metod pomiarowych MRJ do określania wieku biologicznego w każdej fazie ontogenezy
(Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej im. H. Niewodniczańskiego w Krakowie, 1998) Czapla, Zbigniew; Fojud, Zbigniew
Phenomenon of electrophoretic mobility of cell nuclei (EMN) as a consequence of biological and physical properties of the cell
(Palacky University Olomouc, 1998) Czapla, Zbigniew
Appraisal of changeability of the EMN index with regard to lifestyle of the basis of daily examination
(Palacky University Olomouc, 1998) Czapla, Zbigniew
The appraisal of the scope for the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement methods for the estimation of the biological age in various stages of human ontogeny
(Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, 1999) Czapla, Zbigniew; Fojud, Zbigniew
The main objective of the study is to find a new physical parameter meeting the criterion of the biological age estimation in various stages of human ontogeny, and thus to find a new research methodology for this field of research. For this purpose an NMR Bruker 200 MHz spectrometer was used. Two physical parameters: relaxation time (T1) and spectrum shape were determined. The research material was oral mucosa epithelium sampled in a group of young people of both sexes (31 subjects) and in a group of men (18 subjects). Relaxation time (T1) and spectrum shape were recorded for hydrogen nuclei (H1). The physical phenomena were analysed statistically (regression analysis) and their biological interpretation was attempted.
O pewnych wybranych kryteriach "normy" w psychologii i psychiatrii
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2000) Czapla, Zbigniew
The phaseness of human biological development assesse with the use of selected physicochemical methods
(Adam Mickiewicz University Faculty of Biology, 2000) Czapla, Zbigniew
The principal idea of the work was to show a new, original method of description of the phenomena of human biological development with the use of nonstandard research methods so far unused in the ontogenetic studies in regard to the stable and involutional phases of ontogenesis. The main purpose of the work was to assess with selected methods individual reactions of a human organism in ontogenesis against the development of the population. Two research methods were selected. They were subsequently used to show individual reactions of a single human organism against the phenotypic variability characterising the population. The research methods employed are based on the physical and chemical properties of biological cells (the Electrophoretic Mobility of Cell Nuclei (EMN) method) as well as on the physical properties of selected physical parameters describing the properties of biological structures (the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method). One of the objectives of the study was to corroborate the applicability of the EMN index method as an adequate criterion 1 A summary of the thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Sciences in Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznañ 1999. Professor conferring the degree: Joachim Cie lik. The title of the thesis: The phaseness of human biological development assessed with the use of selected physicochemical methods . 136 Z. Czapla of biological age estimation in each phase of ontogenesis. High sensitivity of the EMN index made it possible to check to what extent a reaction of an individual, resulting from the operation of selected factors increasing the risk of premature death (nicotinism, alcoholism), would permit to assess the deviation of this individual organism from the theoretical course of its ontogenesis determined with the EMN method. Another task under the study involved checking to what degree the ontogenetic development curve in selected subject groups (alcoholics, smokers and non-smokers) determined with the EMN method deviated from the control curve. The principal research tasks regarding the methods of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy involved attempts to find a new physical parameter, which could serve as a measure of the advancement of certain biological processes accompanying human ontogenesis. In other words an attempt was made to find a physical parameter which could become a new criterion of human biological age estimation regardless of the phase of ontogenesis.
New approach to assessment of aging processes at the cellular level by NMR spectroscopy
(Ośrodek Wydawnictw Naukowych Polish Academy of Sciences, 2000) Czapla, Zbigniew; Fojud, Zbigniew; Cieślik, Joachim; Jurga, Stefan
The paper presents results of the proton relaxation time T1 measurements by 1H NMR for oral epithelium samples taken from 320 subjects, men and women, in different age, from 19 to 95 year old. The times of nuclear magnetic relaxation T1 were found to be correlated with the age of the subjects.
Biologia starzenia w świetle metody mikroelektroforezy wewnątrzkomórkowej - EMN
(Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego, 2001) Czapla, Zbigniew
Kształtowanie się wskaźnika EMN w ontogenezie u osób palących i alkoholików
(Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, 2002) Czapla, Zbigniew
Prey size, prey nutrition, and food handling by shrews of different body sizes
(2002) Rychlik, Leszek; Jancewicz, Elżbieta
Some predictions relating metabolic constraints of foraging behavior and prey selection were tested by comparison of food handling and utilization in four sympatric shrew species: Sorex minutus (mean body mass=3.0 g), S. araneus (8.0 g), Neomys anomalus (10.0 g), and N. fodiens (14.4 g). Live fly larvae, mealworm larvae and aquatic arthropods were offered to shrews as small prey (body mass <0.1 g). Live earthworms, snails and small fish were large prey (>0.3 g). The larvae were the highly nutritious food (>8 kJ/g) and the other prey were the low nutritious food (<4 kJ/g). The smallest S. minutus utilized (ate+hoarded) <30% of offered food, and the other species utilized >48% of food. The larger the shrew, the more prey it ate per capita. However, highly energetic insect larvae composed 75% of food utilized by S. minutus and only >40% by the other species. Thus, inverse relationships appeared between shrew body mass and mass-specific food mass utilization and between shrew body mass and mass-specific food energy utilization: the largest N. fodiens utilized the least food mass and the least energy quantity per 1 g of its body. Also, the proportion of food hoarded by shrews decreased with an increase in size. With the exception of S. araneus, the size of prey hoarded by the shrews was significantly larger than the size of prey eaten. Tiny S. minutus hoarded and ate smaller prey items than the other shrews, and large N. fodiens hoarded larger prey than the other shrews.
Zróżnicowanie zgrupowań Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) wybranych rezerwatów Wielkopolski
(Parki Narodowe i Rezerwaty Przyrody, 2003) Błoszyk, Jerzy; Napierała, Agnieszka; Markowicz-Rucińska, Monika
The studies have been carried out in three selected forest reserves: “Bytyńskie Brzęki”, “Brzęki przy Starej Gajówce” and “Huby Grzebieniskie” (western Wielkopolska). Material consists of the qualitative and quantitative soil samples collected during the period of study in each of reserves. Assessments of frequency, structure of dominance in Uropodina community on studied areas and similarity of their uropodid mites communities have been made. The highest number of Uropodina (15 species) has been noticed in “Huby Grzebieniskie” reserve with domination of Oodinychus ovalis. The community of uropodid mites in “Bytyńskie Brzęki” consisted of 13 species. One rare interesting species – Cilliba sp. 2 and merocenotic species like Apionoseius infirmus and Polyaspis sansonei were also found. “Brzęki przy Starej Gajówce” reserve appeared to be the poorest in uropodid fauna(only eight species was found).
Natural infections of small mammals with blood parasites on the borderland of boreal and temperate forest zones
(2005) Karbowiak, Grzegorz; Rychlik, Leszek; Nowakowski, Wojciech; Wita, Irena
Blood parasites of small mammals living in Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland) were investigated between 1996 and 2002. The following haemoparasite species were found: Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) evotomys in bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and root vole Microtus oeconomus; Babesia microti in root vole; Hepatozoon erhardovae in bank vole and Hepatozoon sp. in root vole. Some non-identified Bartonella species were found in bank vole, root vole, field vole Microtus agrestis, yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis, common shrew Sorex araneus, Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens, and Mediterranean water shrew N. anomalus. The prevalence and diversity of blood parasites were lower in shrews than small rodents. Totally, 52.0% of bank voles, 50.0% of root voles, 32.5% of common shrews, and 41.2% of Eurasian water shrews were infected with any of the blood parasites. Mixed infections were seldom observed in bank vole (17.3% of investigated individuals) and root vole (14.7%). No animals were infected with three or four parasites simultaneously. Infection of Białowieża small mammals with haemoparasites seemed to be similar to those described in other temperate forest regions rather than boreal ones. Infection rates of rodent species seem to be higher in their typical habitats: for bank vole it was the highest in mixed forest, whereas for root vole in sedge swamp. The results suggest that Microtidae play a greater role than Muridae or Soricidae in maintenance of Babesia and Hepatozoon foci in natural environments of central Europe.
Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) ornata sp. n., a Parasite of the Eurasian Water Shrew Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771)
(2005) Karbowiak, Grzegorz; Wita, Irena; Rychlik, Leszek
Infection with the new trypanosome species Trypanosoma ornata sp. n. was detected in water shrews Neomys fodiens examined for presence of blood parasites in September 2003 and 2004 in Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland). The prevalence of infection was about 36.3%. The trypanosomes occurred as trypomastigote forms only, the epimastigote, dividing forms or other developmental stages were not observed. The morphological features of the species (big body size, small kinetoplast located close to the cell margin, the presence of vermiform posterior end, the surface of the cell markedly striated with longitudinal ‘myonemes”, short free flagellum) support its affiliation to Megatrypanum subgenus. The detail morphometric characterization is given.
Overlap of temporal niches among four sympatric species of shrews
(2005) Rychlik, Leszek
Hypotheses about the dependence of circadian activity from metabolic rate and the segregation of temporal niches among competing species were verified by the study of activity patterns in a shrew community of two semiaquatic species, Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 and N. fodiens (Pennant, 1771), and two terrestrial species, Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 and S. minutus Linnaeus, 1766, co-existing in wet habitats of Białowieża Forest (E Poland). In ten trapping sessions, performed in early summer between 1991 and 2000, traps were open 24 hours continuously and patrolled at 1:00, 5:00, 10:00, 15:00, and 20:00. All the shrew species were most active between 20:00 and 1:00, and least active around mid-day (10:00-15:00). However, activity of the two Sorex species was lower than that of the two Neomys species in the period 20:00-1:00, but higher in the period 15:00-20:00. Both Neomys species displayed clearly nocturnal, unimodal patterns of activity. In contrast, activity of both Sorex species was relatively evenly distributed over 24 hours and they increased their activity earlier (ie after 15:00) than both Neomys species (after 20:00). These results confirm the idea that small shrew species with higher metabolic rate have more frequent and more equally distributed activity bouts than large species. Overlap of temporal niches was the highest within genera (99.29% between both Neomys species and 98.36% between both Sorex species), the lowest between N. fodiens and S. araneus (88.26%) and S. minutus (89.34%), and intermediate between N. anomalus and both Sorex species (91.78 and 93.34%, respectively). Such high interspecific overlaps suggest a joint-action of other mechanisms that separate ecological niches of these species also in other dimensions (eg food, microhabitat).
Proces starzenie Indian Maja ze wsi Yaxcaba (Meksyk) oceniony metodą mikroelektroforezy wewnątrzkomórkowej – EMN
(Tower Press Sopot, 2006) Czapla, Zbigniew
The method of intracellular microelectrophoresis in the form of EMN (Electrophoretic Mobility of Cell Nuclei) index can assess well the biological process of human aging in the course of ontogenesis. The aim of this study is to present an application of EMN index as a measure of the biological process of human aging in Maja Indian population from Yaxcaba village (Yucatan, Mexico). The percentage of EMN index is calculated on the basis of the number of epithelial cells with mobile nuclei in reference to the cells with immobile nuclei per 100 cells counted by the researcher. Electrophoresis is performed using a special Biotest apparatus. In the examined (439 females and 337 males) a marked decrease of average values of EMN index was observed. Lower mean EMN value in females is observed. Confirmation of these negative tendency are the simple regression lines in the stable and involutional phases of the ontogenesis for males and females. The EMN index correlate negative with age (statistically significant p0,01) for males r = -0,28 and for females r = -0,35. It follows that the EMN index is a good criterion for assessment in biological process of aging (assessment of biological age). The collected material needs further studies.
Interspecific aggression and behavioural domination among four sympatric species of shrews
(2006) Rychlik, Leszek; Zwolak, Rafał
Level of interspecific aggressiveness should reflect intensity of interference competition, and large-dominant and small-subordinate species should evolve aggressive and passive agonistic behaviours, respectively, to achieve stable co-existence. We tested these ideas investigating interspecific behavioural dominance in a four-species community of shrews differing in body size (Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766; Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758; Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907; Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771)), by placing interspecific pairs in a neutral field. The order of dominance (determined on the basis of duration of offensive and defensive behaviours, total time spent in the shelter, and ‘final shelter resident’ index) corresponded to the order of body size: N. fodiens > N. anomalus > S. araneus > S. minutus. The highest number of conflicts and least pronounced dominance of N. anomalus over S. araneus suggest the strongest interference competition between these species. The different social organization of N. anomalus (tolerant and gregarious versus intolerant and solitary in the other three species) did not decrease its aggressiveness and dominance rank. The larger Neomys species were more aggressive and initiated relatively more offensive behaviours, whereas the smaller Sorex species initiated more defensive behaviours. The presence of food and shelter did not intensify conflicts. Nevertheless, dominating species restricted the access of subordinate species to the shelter.
Stan psychofizyczny człowieka w terminalnej fazie życia
(Tower Press Sopot, 2006) Czapla, Zbigniew; Łasiński, Dariusz
It is difficult to determine the moment of oncoming death. This study attempts to find a relationship between occurrence and the intensity of selected biological, physiological and psychical traits and oncoming moment of death. Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed a relationship between psychophysical state of examined patients and time of their stay at palliative department. The evaluation of danger of bedsores appearance (EDAB) was used as an indicator of the approach to the moment of death. EDAB is a composed trait including five additive features – 1 – general state, 2 – psychical state, 3 – activity, 4 – ability of moving, 5 – the action of sphincters. Each feature was assessed in a four – point scale. The particular components of EDAB as well as their intensity show that the better biological and psychical state of the patients at the moment of their hospitalization (positive gradient from 1 to 4), the longer time of their stay at palliative department. These results were confirmed by a variance analysis of the total EDAB points conducted with regard to the first day of hospitalization and the last day of investigation (before death) – difference statistically significant. Other features, like swellings, state of nutrition and physical activity also had statistically significant influence on the patients’ time of stay at palliative ward. The study also shows that area of bedsores, sweating and other features (estimated every day) increased along with approaching to the patients' death. These features may be helpful in prediction of the moment of death. In future, more individuals of both sexes need to be studied and more thorough statistical analyses should be applied for better characterization of biological, physiological and psychical features affecting the moment of death at palliative departments.
The crania from modern cemeteries in Jaksice (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province, Poland) and craniometric relationships among medieval and modern Central European populations
(2006) Piontek, Janusz; Iwanek, Beata; Czapla, Zbigniew
The paper presents the anthropometric characteristics of the crania from church cemeteries in Jaksice (Kujawy, Poland). The archaeological excavations in Jaksice were carried out in 1968 and 1969. The crania found were dated to the 15th and 17th centuries. For each cranium 10 anthropometric measurements were taken according to R. Martin’s (1928) technique. Their sex and age were estimated according to the methods recommended by European anthropologists. Data on craniological traits for 21 populations from Poland were collected from literature. Using principal components analysis differentiation of the Late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland was analysed. The analysis was performed also with the use of the biological distance and the cluster analysis methods. High degree of resemblance of the studied crania to the crania of Central Poland (Kujawy, Wielkopolska) populations was revealed.

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