Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne Czasopismo naukowe „Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne” wydawane jest przez Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM w Poznaniu. Wszystkie teksty publikowane w czasopiśmie są recenzowane. Na jego łamach artykuły i recenzje publikują badacze z Polski i zagranicy. Artykuły zamieszczane są zarówno w języku polskim, jak i ojczystych językach autorów zagranicznych. Każdy artykuł w języku polskim opatrzony jest angielskim streszczeniem, a tekst obcojęzyczny - polskim. Tematyka artykułów publikowanych w „Środkowoeuropejskich Studiach Politycznych” dotyczy szeroko rozumianej problematyki politologicznej, w szczególności sytuacji państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej - zarówno spraw wewnętrznych tych państw, jak i ich sytuacji międzynarodowej.
(ang.) Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne The academic periodical Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne [Central European Political Studies] is published by the AMU Faculty of Political Science and Journalism in Poznań. All papers published therein are reviewed. It presents papers and reviews by Polish and foreign researchers. The papers are published in Polish and in the native tongues of non-Polish authors. Each paper published in Polish is accompanied by an abstract in English and vice versa. The range of topics discussed in the periodical concerns the broadly understood issues of political science, in particular the situation of Central and Eastern Europe, both regarding the domestic affairs of EEC states and their international situation.
Redaktor naczelny: Andrzej Stelmach
Kontakt: Redakcja „Środkowoeuropejskich Studiów Politycznych”
ul. Umultowska 89a
61-614 Poznań
tel.:tel. +48 61 829 65 08;
e-mail: ssp@amu.edu.pl
strona www: http://www.wnpid.amu.edu.pl/aktualny-numer-ssp.html
Nazwa wydawcy: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu
ISSN 1731-7517
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Item Disc Jockey jako twórca zależny – problem miksowania utworów w świetle przepisów ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Piesiewicz, PiotrOne of the fundamental issues regulated by the act on copyright law is the content of the rights vested in the author and related to his or her creation. The stipulations of the copyright law protect the author against an infringement of a personal bond relating him or her to the creation (personal copyrights) and provide him or her with economic benefits provided by the creation being exploited in various realms (copyright property law). The present paper addresses the problem of a disc jockey’s public presentation of music compositions and the protection of personal copyright and property law of the author of presented music.Item Stosunki między państwem i biznesem a wzrost gospodarki(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Ząbkowicz, AnnaThe article presents an approach to government-business relations which differs from a conventional perspective. The main stream of political science as well as the mainstream economics agree that business should be separated from the government. The article reveals that the concept of „business” is not homogenous and, according analyzes its five aspects. It shows the conditions under w hich collaboration between the government officials and businessmen needs not be harmful for economic growth, and may be even conducive to it. Examples in the article show that cooperation between government and business may be more beneficial than building barriers between them.Item Регион как единица стабильности в (гео)политике XXI века(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Zadorożniuk, EllaInternal identity of a region is a factor that promotes political stability. Western Europe is a particular example here. The significance of regions, which is clearly emphasised in Europe, may become a prerequisite for their mutual assimilation. This causes numerous problems but also contributes to increased interdependence between nations and regions. The potential of regional identity may be treated as a factor that reduces the consequences of the revival of national or nationalistic tendencies on the one hand, and those of intensified globalisation on the other. A decade of contradictory experience in the formation of regional identity in Central Europe confirms this hypothesis. The emergence of clear regional structures as well the reinforcement of a new regiona identity of Central European countries in politics and then in economics may diminish the level of various hazards ranging from political ones to environmental.Item Fotografia w polskim systemie prasowym(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Mariański, RobertPress photography is not a frequent subject of press specialists’ considerations although it is an inseparable component of contemporary newspapers and magazines. The great part photography plays in the contemporary world in conveying information, spreading knowledge, shaping opinions and social, political and cultural attitudes is frequently forgotten. It should be sought in its universal character on the one hand and in its imminent authenticity and utter believability of its presentations on the other. Together with woodcuts and lithographs it played a supporting part. However, it has won certain privileges. It was copied in high circulation periodicals and wandered the world in thousands of copies thus gaining importance. The press has not only contributed to photography becoming common. In many instances it has preserved photographs for the posterity as an uncountable number of daguerreotypes and old photographs have been lost or destroyed forever and the only evidence of their existence have been their printed versions in old weeklies and albums, as well as separate prints.Item Evaluating Democratic Support in Poland : A Case Study of University Students(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Samuelson, RichardArtykuł poświęcono ocenie przyczyn popierania demokracji w okresach niezadowolenia z jej praktycznego funkcjonowania. Ocenę oparto o studium przypadku polskich studentów uniwersyteckich. Rezultaty badań wskazują, że poparcie dla demokracji wynika z instrumentalnej wiary w porównywalną skuteczność systemu, raczej niż z demokratycznej zasady siły. Dalsze wyniki wskazują na znaczenie postrzeganego wpływu przemian ekonomicznych dla popierania demokracji.Item Fenomen „Gazety Wyborczej”(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Madera, Andrzej JózefSince the first issue of „Gazeta Wyborcza” was published, on Monday 8 th May 1989, it has become a true phenomenon on the Polish press market. After two months from the first publication it became very popular due to the slogan created by A. Michnik „your President – our Prime Minister”. „Gazeta Wyborcza” as the first newspaper published in democratic Poland became more than the biggest source of information as it also had a great influence on shaping of the political opinions of many Poles. It also supported the „Solidarity” movement and the new government. „Gazeta Wyborcza” was the first newspaper in democratic Poland whereone could find uncensored articles addressed to people, respecting their expectations and the right to information free from censorship. There is no doubt that „Gazeta Wyborcza” created by Adam Michnik, editor-in-chief, has currently got as many readers as critics but it is impossible to remain unaffected by its content.Item Wokół problemu definicji mniejszości narodowych(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Sobczak, JacekThe problem of national minorities appears to be quite a controversial issue. This is so because it is considered by lawyers, sociologists, culture researchers, historians and political scientists. It is not a trivial matter in the controversies caused by this problem that it is related to a particularly sensitive political area that in political practice generates immense problems and brings about conflicts. The paper attempts to group the definitions developed by sociology and political science and to demonstrate the most controversial elements. The problem of national minorities is related to the notions of nation, nationality, ethnic minority and ethnographic minority. The main emphasis falls on the legal approach as the attempts at developing a legal definition (i.e. the definition stipulated by the act of law) are traced while acknowledging that such a definition has not been developed although numerous acts of international law concern the issues of minoritiesItem Kierunki przekształceń świadomości narodowej Polaków w przededniu wejścia do Unii Europejskiej – pytania badawcze(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Wójcik, StanisławThe shape of Western Europe is settled in principle. For us – the people of Central and Eastern Europe – it is something of a European paradise. The difficulties emerge only in the realm of the philosophy of life and religion, although the West either does not realize these problems or neglects them. Can the candidate states meet the criteria the European Union has established? The following dilemmas should be solved here: as we access the EU in order to obtain forecasted economic and technical benefits, may we have to abandon with time our systems of values that are classical for European and Christian culture? What about the State security and sovereignty? Should we hasten to access the EU given the ruined economy, profound political divisions in Poland and the absence of the majority representation of the Polish society in the government? The at- titude of Polish society to the accession to the EU is currently undergoing a transforma- tion. The doubts about its value spread particularly in the provinces where the adverse results of wrong domestic and western economy are most acute. It should be scientifically explained why Western societies, in particular those of smaller states, such as Austria, increasingly complain about the conditions in the EU and actually regret their own accession. French, German and Italian ideologists propagate the creation of a single supranational state out of the whole Europe. This stands in direct opposition to the Polish national consciousness, including the Catholic, cultural and linguistic consciousness, as it is impossible to artificially create a new European nation in such a short time.Item Ruch Stu – alternatywa dla klasy politycznej powstałej w 1989 roku(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Borowiec, PiotrThe Movement of a Hundred (Polish: Ruch Stu) was to become an alternative for the political class that emerged after 1989. The whole political class was supposed to be substituted in a democratic manner by new people entering the political arena. The minimum political platform was to unite the activists of diversified political provenience. The Movement of a Hundred was to provide a new way of functioning for the political parties. The very naming of the party as the „movement”, that is a common activity of new people, was of significant importance itself. They were to introduce a new quality of politics and a new model of a politician. Current political events in- volved the Movement of a Hundred in a never-ending spiral of political elections. The two most important events were supporting Lech Wa³êsa before the presidential elec- tions and the decision to join the structures of the AWS (Solidarity Election Action). The Movement of a Hundred was to be an alternative and novelty on the Polish political arena. However, it became a tiny, hardly observable, component of the right wing of the former political class. It was commonly known to have been incorporated by the old elite. The Movement of a Hundred adopted behavioral models that were typical of a former political class (including the conflicts between the leaders), as well as the heavily criticized faults (struggle for gaining influence in the AWS) that resulted in the collapse of the whole right wing in the next parliamentary elections.Item System prasowy Chorwacji(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Sobczak, WitoldThe press system in Croatia is among the youngest media systems in Europe. It is based on relatively peculiar constitutional provisions that make the right to rectification a principle. The Croatian system meets the requirements of a press system posed by the European Union and Community regulations. It comprises detailed provisions concerning the freedom of press, the principles of registration of press activity, the rights and obligations of journalists, rectifications and replies.Item Polityczna funkcja muzyki. Antyteza estetyki autonomii dzieła muzycznego(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Massaka, IwonaThis paper contains – in the historical context – the analysis of musical forms as an efficacious and sufficiently universal means of acting, governing, assembling and putting under discipline different societies (including nations) that are considered as a unity, as well as respective society groups. Here, music is considered both as a domain accompanying political phenomena as well as phenomena that are par excellence political. It is treated as an ideological instrument used by exponents of any ideology, who apply it not only for decorative purposes but first of all for the purpose of inciting the instinct of massive solidarity, enthusiasm, unanimous will and belief. The presentation is a polemic on the belief that prevails in the research on musicology that musical production is autonomous and it is considered exclusively as an act of free expression.Item O anachroniczności polskiego kapitalizmu – niekonserwatywne krytyki liberalizmu we współczesnej Polsce(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2003) Chwedoruk, RafałThe great political transformations in Poland after 1989 have made the notion of broadly understood liberalism the core of political discourse. There have emerged frequent claims of significant or even critical influence of this idea on the model of social, economic and political reforms. At the same time, an increasing discrediting trend of varied origins has emerged. The purpose of this paper is to present the key themes of critics of liberalism speaking from a pro-modernization point of view, i.e. those who accept the broadly understood Enlightenment paradigm and approve the imperative civilization modernization of Poland by means of its occidentalization. The discourse of liberal reformers with their opponents to a certain degree reflects the mythological dichotomy of the left and the right, although not many participants in the dispute have necessarily had to identify themselves in this respect.Item Grupa Agora – poszukiwanie drogi rozwoju(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Ząbkowicz, JerzyThe transformation of Polish society and economy over the last two decades is also reflected in the process of the press market becoming mature. The segments of this market transform assuming a strong market economy character. New dominating players emerge representing both domestic and – increasingly often – foreign capital. The foundation and expansion of the Agora Group, the publisher of „Gazeta Wyborcza” inspires peculiar common interest (or even fascination). It is usually presented rather one-sidedly as a Polish version of an American „rags-to-riches” story. The organizational and financial aspect of the Group operations is usually neglected or oversimplified. This paper was written in the first quarter of 2004. It tries to show the publisher of „Gazeta Wyborcza” not with respect to its media mission but to its economic aspect. The management board of this business outlines and tries to implement a certain strategy. However, in doing so they apparently fail to avoid considerable errors and threats.Item Realizacja programu reprywatyzacji w Polscew latach 1989–2001 (aspekt polityczny i ideologiczny)(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Patkowski, KrzysztofReprivatization is one of the problems Polish politicians have failed to solve for 15 years. They developed nearly a score of drafts of reprivatization acts, none of which has been implemented. Election campaigns and government changes most frequently obstructed them. This happened to the draft developed by Hanna Suchocka’s government, later withheld by the next government of Waldemar Pawlak and the coalition of SLD-PSL (Democratic Left Alliance – Polish People’s Party). The coalition AWS-UW (Solidarity Election Action – Freedom Union) was very likely to launch reprivatization. Although it had the required majority in the Parliament, the political disputes inside the Solidarity Election Action prevented reprivatization. For the Solidarity Election Action with Marian Krzaklewski, general endowment was to ensure the victory to the party and himself in the next parliamentary and presidential elections respectively. As a result of the internal disputes, the reprivatization act was vetoed by President Kwaśniewski and the elections marked the AWS’s collapse. After Poland’s accession to the European Union former property owners have increasingly been demanding to restore the seized property, yet the issue does not seem likely to be solved soon and the very idea of reprivatization dissolves in political and ideological controversies.Item Budowa podstaw systemu partyjnego współczesnej Rosji(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Stelmach, AndrzejThe party system is only shaping in contemporary Russia. The process commenced in 1990 when the change of the Constitution provided for free establishment of political parties in Russia. Banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union resulted in numerous new parties emerging with an ambition of becoming a dominating party in Russian politics. These attempts failed to succeed. Dynamic development of political organizations was related to democratic election procedures. Quantitative development was not conducive for the stability of political stage. Dispersed, insignificant political parties were not an efficient instrument of political influence. There were numerous attempts to consolidate the groups of similar political platforms, yet they did not generated expected results. Even the most important political campaigns related to parliamentary or presidential elections were unable to consolidate political parties in Russia. The absence of a clear parliamentary majority as well as dispersion and a clearly confrontational policy of the parties was conducive for increasingly stronger presidential authority. The lack of a clear party system resulted in a failed attempt to restore the former political system. In 1992–1993 attempts were made to provide political support for the so-called reformatory government. They failed to generate any permanent organizational solutions. Political elite was unable to consolidate either around the strategic objectives or around their leaders. In the initial period of democracy shaping in Russia a party system did not provide any support for this democracy. It was rather its caricature.Item W co wierzą młodzi? Badania socjologiczne nad religijnością młodzieży studiującej w Warszawie(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Tarnowska, JuliaThe paper attempts to address a number of queries on religiousness of the Polish students, who are likely to constitute the new middle class soon. The author tries to present how their faith is related to other attitudes, beliefs, politics and morality. Is it still predominated by a traditional Catholic ritual, automatically inherited after older generations without any reflection, as it was before 1989? Is this Catholic faith still identified with being Polish and approached as a „political faith”? Or maybe some turbulent changes have taken place, enforced by new economic, political and social freedom or mass culture? The findings and conclusions presented in the paper are based on a survey conducted by the author in January 2001 among the students of the Warsaw University and the Warsaw School of Information Technology. They prove that mentality of the youth, who live in a large city and study, has already undergone a series of various transformations, some highly interesting, yet it is rather difficult to identify some radical changes or a religious and moral „revolution”. A common attempt at a compromise is also symptomatic here, the desire to harmonize the tradition, which is still live ly and significant, with new experience provided by liberal democracy, mass cu lture or the spiritualism of New Age.Item Rynek jako narzędzie wolności i jako pole walki o panowanie(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Ząbkowicz, AnnaThe paper outlines the fundamental division among the theorists who professionally deal with market economy, over the issue whether market economy promotes an individual’s freedom. The discrepancy starts with the very notion of freedom, next there is no consent whether there is a relation between freedom and economic liberty, etc. Since these philosophical issues cannot be solved by the most prominent minds in this field, the author of the paper is not to be expected to offer the ultimate answer, either. However, it can be agreed that the beginning of capitalism was accompanied by progress towards freedom, towards individuals rejecting the influence of the Church, the guild and secular authority. Although the new economy, which was coordinated by market forces, marked a significant progress towards liberty, the words of a philosopher who saw its birth remain valid: „Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).Item Конфронтация „режима нормализации” и оппозиции в Чехословакии в конце 1980-х годов XX века(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Zadorożniuk, EllaThe paper refers to Russian and foreign archival documents, which became the basis for the analysis of relationships between the „party-and state authorities” and opposition in the Czech Republic in the late 80s of 20 th century. State authorities with conservative bias demanded that the „normalization” regime be stricter whereas „pragmatists” were contemplating a dialogue with the opposition. After the events of November 17 for a very long time also the followers of „non-political politics” in the opposition considered a dialogue with the pragmatic faction of the state authorities whereas the radical wing representatives were calling for immediate free elections and establishment of democratic institutions of power. However, it was the upward movement, beginning with the student demonstration of November 17, 1989 and ending with mass demonstrations which gathered as many as 700,000 people in Prague in the end of November, that gave momentum to historic transformation in the Czech Republic as it came up with its own hierarchy of historical priorities different from that of numerous government and opposition circles. These activists who were able to adjust their former standpoint to social expectations enjoyed public support.Item Литовский путь к демократии(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Фурман, E. Д.W 2004 roku kraje bałtyckie zostaną pełnoprawnymi członkami Unii Europejskiej. Ich „powrót do Europy” rozpoczął się w 1991, jednakże początkowo, inaczej niż w krajach Europy Środkowej, towarzyszyło mu nasilenie nastrojów nacjonalistycznych związanych z obawami przed utraceniem dopiero co narodzonej niepodległości. W Estonii i na Łotwie lęki te związane były przede wszystkim z obecnością znaczącej mniejszości rosyjskiej, natomiast na Litwie wynikały głównie z podejrzliwości i wrogości nowej prawicowej elity politycznej wobec dawnych komunistów. Litewski ruch narodowościowy był najbardziej radykalnym ruchem w państwach nadbałtyckich.Wynikało to z nacjonalistycznych nastrojów okresu międzywojennego oraz autorytarnych tendencji, których kulminacją był reżim Smetonów. Tendencje takie zaprzeczały idei „powrotu do Europy”, nierozerwalnie związanego z pełną demokratyzacją życia politycznego. W celu osiągnięcia pełnej integracji z nową Europą Litwini musieli przezwyciężyć te tendencje swoich elit rządzących, co pozwoliło im wywalczyć niepodległość. Stanowi to w wielu aspektach wyjaśnienie triumfalnego zwycięstwa, jakie w 1992 roku odniosła Demokratyczna Partia Pracy (późniejsza Partia Socjaldemokratyczna), której przewodził dawny komunista, oraz porażki narodowych demokratów (pierwszej z serii demokratycznych zmian u sterów Litwy) będących ważnym krokiem w kierunku stworzenia dojrzałej i stabilnej demokracji wiodącej do Europy.Item Kulturowa teoria kapitalizmu(Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu, 2004) Tudek, AndrzejThe paper is an extensive critique of a book by P.L. Berger, entitled The Capitalist Revolution and devoted to the non-economic conditions of capitalism spreading throughout the world. The author reflects on the issue whether the research method presented in the book, written at the time of confrontation between capitalism and socialism, remains efficient in the contemporary world facing quite different challenges. The answer is negative, as the author proves that Berger proposed an interesting idea of researching the so-called economic culture, but he failed to develop it as he neglected appropriate definitions. Consequently, Berger’s considerations devoted to the peculiarity of Western European culture are narrowed to the historic analyses of the influence of religion and social myths on common awareness. The author of the paper rejects the suggestion that the tension between the traditional middle class and intellectuals may threaten the vitality of capitalism.