Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 1981, nr 4
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Item O potrzebie opracowania koncepcji i metody szacowania struktury ludności bez zniekształceń i zakłóceń(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Valkovics, Emil; Janc, AlfredThe interpretation of age-pyramids representing population structures qualified as distorted may be found mostly in the form of specifying the causes of „cuts" and „protrusions" seen on them, without taking their multiplying effects exerted mostly on the number of birth into consideration. The calculation of age-pyramids or population structures referring to identical dates of observation necessitates to eliminate the effects deemed as causing distortions, occured extraordinarily during the century preceding the observation of the population on the life history of each of the birth cohorts (generations) constituting the population. After calculating (estimating) the population sùrplusses or losses regarded as extraordinary, as well as their structures, we have to elaborate the hypotheses on mortality, nuptiality, fertility and external migration of their — and of their descendants — further lives. Afterwards, on the basis of fictive numbers of the populations of the related birth cohorts for the termination of the effects causing distortions up to the date of the observation „population projections" are to be realized. The age-pyramid and population structure without distortion may be compared with the real (distorted) age-pyramid and population structure in several ways. The calculation of the structure of subpopulations without any perturbation — constituting the population — necessitates also the elimination of the effects of differences in the mortality and external migration of the subpopulations, beyond the so-called rectangular standardization of the age-specific rates of the subpopulation observed transversally. If it is not possible, we have to apply the hypotheses of independency and continuity. However, neither the elimination of the effects of differences observable in the calendar within the individual cohorts concerning the longitudinal sums of the age specific rates of subpopulations can be neglected. Beyond the transversal population structures without any distortion and perturbation, also their longitudinal versions referring to individual birth cohorts (generations) can be calculated, as they are in interrelation with the transversal versions of the former one, that may be described also in mathematical way.Item Społeczne aspekty problemu rozwodów(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Rosset, EdwardAt the very beginning the author declares himself against divorces. He does not mind legal institution of divorce, which is considered as indispensable, but disorganization of family life that leads to a divorce. Among the sources of growing phenomenon of family disintegration in contemporary world rash decisions of family setting up and the lack of responsibility for a family are mentioned. The author discusses divorces effects too, and among them: permanently growing number of „orphans after divorce" (they are children of disintegrated families), significant juvenile deliquency, misfortunes of abandoned women (half of the whole number of divorced women is doomed to lonely rest of life and to death in solitude). The author takes up also negative influence of family disintegration on fertility. According to the author, the growing number of divorces should act as an alarm signal. A struggle is necessary against harm, by which moral principles of society's life are impaired.Item Model demograficzny w zastosowaniu eksperymentalnym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Mazur, Denis Peter; Janc, AlfredA demographic model of fertility age curve is simulated to determine the effect of successive shitfs in women's aggregate age at birth. The age limits of women's reproductive span their age structure, and the annual number of livebirths are held constant in the first experiment" The second experiment involves an assessment of variation in women's reproductive-age span, Two experimental populations are distinguished: (1) the actual population by age, and (2) the life table type. The shape of age curve of fertility has a minimal affect on the cumulative rate for the life table age structure. When based on the actual population by single years of age, the cumulative rate of total fertility tends to fluctuate with changes in the peak age of women at childbearing. An increase in the average age of women at birth under the absolute constancy of parameter values usually augments the rate of total fertility. A slight decrease in completed fertility is observed for the life table type of age structure when the upper limit of women's reproductive span is advanced early. In the final simulation, when requirement of the constancy of parameter values is much relaxed the test corresponding to an intermediate value of the average age at childbearing generates the highest level of completed fertility. The author suggests that the most desirable approach seems to be a combination of analytic properties of the model with simulation.Item Badanie własności prognostycznych modelowych tablic trwania życia typu W. Brassa(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Zasępa, RyszardModel life tables can be generated according to the hypothesis of W. Brass by acceptance of an adequate table as standard one and by using the formula (1). The possibility was then examined of using such tables for mortality forecasting. Tables generating a system, by which the tables are generated, depends upon two parameters α and ß, interpretation of which has been described. Model tables closeness has been examined on the ground of existing life tables for Poland by town and villages when (I) the life table 1970 - 1972, or (II) an average of the life tables 1960-1961 and 1970 - 1972 were taken as a standard. Differences in real values lx and in values from model tables occured. An example has been given for men in Table 1, and results have been shown. The results rx occur systematically and runs are created by their signs. Forectasting that is based on model tables delivers biased forectasts. It can be significantly diminished by taking into account the biases estimated from the past data. Such a forecast has been done experimentally in two variants for the year 1980. In the variant I in estimation of parameters α and ß data for age-groups x=1, 5, 10, 15, ..., 85 years have been taken into account, and for the variant II data for the years x=1, 75, 80, 85 have been omitted. Differences in expectation of life at age x, ex have been presented in Table 2, and in Table 3 — death pro probability nqx within the interval (x, x+n) for both forecasts variants. Comparisons lead to the conclusion that both variants are too optimistic, and the projection obtained from variant II is relatively more relevant. The data for the last one are presented in Table 4. Expectation of life at age x, ex and death probability have been compared in Tables 5 and 6, for the years 1970, 1973,1976 and the projection 1980, respectively. The necessity of the Brass model extension to more than two parameters is stated in the conclusion. Further studies will shown, whether proper modifications lead to more realistic mortality projection.Item Przyczynek do studiów nad ludnością miasta Krakowa i gmin przyległych u schyłku XIX wieku(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Kwiecień, WładysławThe presented elaboration is an attempt to show some demographic phenomena of the town of Kraków and neighbouring communes in the latter part of the last century. The situation and dynamics of the total number of population, its structure by sex as well as basic elements of natural population's changes as marriages, births and death are characterized in the study. These processes have been presented for the town of Kraków and for particular neighboring communes. It has been tried to show the population phenomena on the background of development conditions in the years considered and to characterize their present-day state for a comparison. The elaboration is based mainly on source materials included in old documents of the Kraków municipal council and of neighbouring communes.Item Polityka ludnościowa Chin modelem dla trzeciego świata?(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Schubnell, Herman; Chuchracka, IwonaChinese experience in a struggle with an excessive increase of the population is discussed in the article. Among Asiatic countries that have significant achievements in reducing the birth-rate a significant place is occupied by the Chinese People's Republic. The success was scored by China unaided owing to the society's discipline. Three basic stages are distinguished by the author of actions against excessive increase of the Chinese population: the years 1949 - 1954, 1955 - 1966 and since 1966. In the first stage the traditional valuation system, considerably a feudal system, in which a place was for a great family with a strong man's domination was destroyed. A democratic system of marriage contracts was announced with a free partner's choice, monogamy and legal protection of mother and child. In the second stage the period 1962 --1966 of strong anti-natalic compaign stood out especially by propagation of late marriage contracts. The period was interrupted by the 'cultural revolution'. The third period distinguishes itself with a planned and institutional approach to the action of restriction of increase of thé population. The Chinese system of struggle with an excessive increase of the population cannot rather be used in other countries of the Third World. It is too much connected with typical Chinese conditions, with Chinese discipline and — politically — with Chinese way of communism. According to the author developing countries can, however, fully study the Chinese case to see how the comprehensive approach leads to the end.Item Procesy demograficzne a model rodziny w Polsce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Holzer, Jerzy Z.The author discusses the fifth phase of demographic transition and post-transitional periods in Poland and in some European countries. Basic demographic processes, especially fertility and mortality in Poland run a course similar to that in most developed countries. Since age-sex structure of Polish population is unregular the author presents basic properties of demographic structures and processes up to the year 2000. Discussion of the transformation of family size in Poland is presented on the basis of TFRs. At the beginning of the century the TFR was 6,2 children per woman of fertility age, in 1930-ties 3.5 and in 1980 only 2,3. Urban-rural differentiation presents that since middle of 1960-ties the expanded reproduction of population in Poland is due to women living in rural areas (Tabl. 2). Taking into consideration the analysis of demographic trends and expected socio-economic changes the author notes that despite a relatively high level of natural increase the existing level of fertility in Poland is approaching that assuring only a simple reproduction of generations, i.e. 215 children per 100 women aged 15-49. The author postulates that reproduction of generations should be counted among important strategic goals of the country's development. It would be advantageous to maintain the level of reproduction slightly above the level of a simple reproduction of generations. Finally, the author postulates that the socio-economic policy of the country should incorporate demographic strategic goals as goals of highest priority when new plans of socio-economic development are formulated.Item Nauka demografii a przyszła liczba ludności(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Urłanis, Borys. C.; Walkowiak, HalinaThe significance of demographic sciences has been underlined in the article. The sciences acquire still more importance today. Forecasting questions should be the main subject of interests of those sciences. The narrow ideas of some scientists had to be emphasized that the earth could feed population about 10-13 times more numerous than at present. All the opinions, according to the author, that are based on „uncompetent optimism" (a notion formulated by D. M. Gwissiani — Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences), should be rejected. It can be assumed on the ground of modern trends in reproductiveness and mortality that the crude natural growth rate will approximate zero at the end of the 21st century. It means stabilization of the earth's population at the level of 13 milliards people on the turn of the 21st century. It should be mentioned here that the earth's resources allow to increase production of foodstuffs and of other means of population's maintenance at the level adequate to human standards about 3 times. It fully suits the triple growth of the earth's population.Item Charakter i miejsce demografii we współczesnej nauce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Pavlík, Zdeněk; Bielówka, LeokadiaDemography originated by reason of development of empirical approach in science and it has been closely connected with statistical methods from the very beginning. A strong position of methodology in demography and poorly developed demographic theory are explained by that. The process of demographic study starts in contradistinction to many other empirical domains from preparation of demography subject with the aid of statistical description and only then it comes to its closer examination. A basic part of information about reality vanishes in the preparation process and an important position of demographic analysis in demography is explained by that. From the point of view of development principle — on which hither to existing science classifications are based — demography places itself on a border-line between natural and social domains. This principle is, however, insufficient so it is necessary to complete it with complexity principle. Demography can be judged as a rudimental domain that occupies itself with reproduction of human populations as a resulting process as well as with most important factory bs which this process is influenced. In the same way as each other empirical domain demography can be internally divided according to a criterion: complex-fragmentary, real-abstract, general, -detailed, into four basic sub-domains (Fig. 3): population demography, demographic analysis, theory and methodology of demography. Demography is extensively connected with other empirical domains in the frames of science. These domains deal with other aspects of human existence, human populations and society. It is also connected with methodological domains and the Marxist and Lenin philosophy. The demography experience finds its use in economic and social planning and it is a basis of population policy as a part of social policy.Item Jakościowe i ilościowe aspekty badań naukowych w świetle statystyki(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Steczkowski, Jan; Zeliaś, AleksanderIn the elaboration basic problems of qualitative and quantitative aspects of research in empirical sciences have been presented. The central idea of considerations is an opinion that placing these two aspects in opposition is unjustified and also that a division of statistics into quantitative and qualitative is conventional. Difficult qualitative problems of investigated reality can be solved thanks to quantitative methods which fulfil an ancillary role in qualitative analysis. Development of social sciences has caused intensive interest in statistical methods. Such a situation has raised new qualitative problems for statistics. Necessity of measurement improvement of indirectly unmeasurable phenomena has caused development of statistical methods suitable for weaker scales. Application of statistical methods based on these scales simplifies and also objectivizes cognizance. In order to avoid deformation of the studied processes it is obligatory to supplement formal analysis with analysis of the merits of these processes. This quantitative analysis has to be submitted to qualitative analysis.Item Czas, przestrzeń i ich struktury formalne(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Ponsard, Claude; Rutkowska, CzesławaConsideration on formal structures of time and space mainly based on humanistic and social sciences is proposed in the study. The first part answers the question whether these formal structures are similar or different. The author supports the opinion that time possesses one formal structure while there are many different formal structures in the case of space. Time has a structure of complete succession by inclusion relation. It is verified not only by mensurable (or chronological) time, but also by structural (or operational) time. On the other hand, space is connected with so differentiated presentation ways, that it produces various configurations. It results from this, that formal structures with which abstract spaces are equiped, together with considered physical and human spaces are numerous and more or less strongly dependent on this whether metric spaces, topological spaces or graphs are concerned. A problem of supplementary nature towards the first one, and namely of comparative properties of time and space, introduced by their adequate formal structures, is discussed in the second part. The discussion concerns four main properties: direction, reversibility, homogeneity and continuity. Time direction is obvious while space direction refers to examination of isotropy properties. Irreversibility of time is visible for its reversibility, which is sustained sometimes, is a false problem. On the other hand, reversibility problem for space depends on symmetry properties, except directed and non-symmetrical graphs (condition of the lack of peripheries). While time is homogeneous, space is once homogeneous and once heterogeneous. Continuity is connected with the nature of time. In the case of space it depends on conditions of accessibility, and continuity notions in empirical meaning and in mathematical meaning are not similar, unless in some particular case. An opinion is underlined in the conclusion, that time is less abundant than space in proper formal structures and comparative properties.Item Bibliografia prac prof. dr Stanisława Borowskiego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Borowska, ZdzisławaItem Bezdzietność w Polsce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Vielrose, EgonChildlessness is analyzed among married women aged 35 - 39 in 1970. A strong relationship was found between the proportion of childless women and the gross reproduction rate with a time-lag of 10 years. The respective regression equation seems, however not to be stable in time. The proportion of married women aged 30 - 34 having no children below age 16 might also serve to estimate the proportion of childless women.Item Demografia i historia(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Henry, Louis; Rutkowska, CzesławaThe author reflects on relations between demography and history. He evaluates the role of demographic research in cognition of the past, and moves a problem to which extent demography is related to natural sciences. He arrives at the conclusion that historical demography embraces only a part of demography of the past, since it is restricted — on the one hand — by paleodemography in respect of the kind of research tools and statistical sources used and on the other — by contemporary demography. In the days to come historical demography should become an auxiliary science for history similarly as it is in case of archeology. The research results of historical demography can be, however, of direct importance not only for history but also for other sciences.Item Działalność organizacyjno-naukowa i dydaktyczna Profesora Stanisława Borowskiego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Wierzchosławski, StanisławStanisław Florian Borowski, an outstanding economist, statistician and demographer, professor at the Academy of Economics in Poznań, for many years head of the Department of Economic Statistics and Demography, director of the Institute of Statistics and Econometrics, former Deputy Rector for research, died suddenly July 10th 1977 while conducting demographic surveys. Prof. Borowski was an outstanding scholar having great and original achievements in research. He left a great research outcome encompassing more than 250 publications, in that number 14 monographies and over 50 studies and dissertations. A substantial part of his publications was issued in foregin languages. As the scholar he presented himself as a very rich personality interested in many, different spheres of Knowledge. Prof. Borowski was the scholar of great caliber, of rare intellectual culture. He represented a deep and exploratory intellect. He was involved, with a great passion, in all his research activities, in which he presented his humanism as well as an uncompromising attitude when truth in science was concerned. Prof. Borowski was an outstanding research organizer. In Poznań Academy of Economics he established the Department of Economic Statistics and Demography. That department became one of the strongest demographic research centers in Poland being also respected abroad. In 1972 Prof. Borowski was appointed to a post of Chairman of the Comittee of Demographic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, (he fullfilled this duty till his sudden death). As a research organiser in the field of demography he made agreat contribution to new research initiatives as well as to research development projections. He was an active member of the Polish State Commission on Population Policy founded by the Ministry Counsil. Thanks to his efforts an intensive cooparation with research centers abroad was developed. He organized several national and international conferences on demography. Prof. Borowski had a big share in education of young scholars. Thanks to his initiative the Subsection of Demometrie of the Polish Academy of Sciences has been created. That subsection has contributed to promotion of the newest statistical-mathematical methods in demography. Prof. Borowski confered a doctor's degree on 14 people creating a basis for development of his own, modern school of demography. He made a great contribution to a popularization of science being an editor of several scientific periodicals. He was an editor of the economic division of the quarterly „Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny", co-editor of „Poznańskie Roczniki Ekonomiczne", subeditor of „Studia Demograficzne" and editor of the annal „Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski". Prof. Borowski was entirely devoted to science. Unfortunately he could not finish his great work for the benefit of science. His health condition was weadend after many years spent in concentration camps during the last world-war and after many years of an intensive research work. An extremely modest, noble and honourable man, a scholar of rich intelligence and an indefatigable, broad-minded researcher departed from this world.Item Wykorzystanie metryk parafialnych i dokumentów stanu cywilnego do oszacowania liczby ludności według kategorii społeczno-demograficznych (na przykładzie Martyniki)(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Houdaille, Jacques; Rutkowska, CzesławaA proper utilization of historical documents for reconstruction of the past population development still produces serious methodological problems for a researcher. The elaboration exemplifies a proper solution of these problems. From 1699 to 1822 nine censuses of the Martinique population were carried out. The author aims at expressing an opinion of their quality by comparing them with population movement. It was derived from a specification made by drawing every twentieth person from parish registers and registry records. These registers are almost without gaps since the year 1763. The white population is characterized by a great number of illegitimate birth. Age of contraction of marriages is rather advanced. Marriages give often opportunity to own children. Children's deaths are irregularly registered. Deaths of adults permite to appraise migration significance from Europe. Magnitudes for the coloured are much more uncertain, because persons with light skin were taken as white population in censuses, while their children were reckoned among the colored. For ethnic categories were revealed quiet frequently in parish registers and registry records, a judgement can be formed on significance of races blending during seven of ten examined decades.Item Pięć wieków rewolucji demograficznej w Europie Zachodniej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Mols, RogerWe can simultaneously talk about social and historic advantages resulting from investigation of demographic revolution, which have taken Western Europe over the past five hundred years. It makes easier to understand the past, the present and the future. Just as in collective drama, so this revolution started from a prelude, and then two acts have followed. The drama has introduced three factors, which determine the whole demographic evolution: a number of marriages, reproductiveness and mortality. During the prelude the proscenium was occupied by the first factor owing to creation of the „European model of marriage", constituted by a high average age of contraction of the first marriage and substantial proportion of unmarried women. Those two features hampered significantly birth possibilities in the era, when projected life duration was very restricted. The first act shows us a duel between life and deatfi, undergoing vicissitudes in dependence on countries and the decade, starting from the 18th century till 1930. At first mortality retreated, so in epidemic aspect as in endemic one. Infant mortality decrease resulted in improvement of projected life duration. That progress realized from the 18th century, and even more in the 19th century. Reproduction had its differentiated evolution until the last thirty years of the 19th century. A natural surplus became very significant in majority of countries. Only France differed in that respect. Still befor 1800 fertility in France diminished under the influence of the first wave, still restricted one, of „birth control" of peassant and handicraft types. When about 1880 the second wave, connected with industrialization, started in England, it reached the heart of hard-working Europe before 1914 and caused decrease in fertility, still lasting after the first world war. About 1930, demographic equilibrium was seriously disturbed in many countries. Just then an unexpected jump occured, causes of which deserve consideration, which caused a „baby boom" throughout 20 years. A new contraceptive offensive, which is created by trilogy: pill, abortion, sterilization, started about 1965. It caused a decrease in a replacement coefficient below an absolutely necessary level (2,10 children per woman) in all countries except Ireland. The decline was spectacular in many countries. And not without reason, people concerned with human future are frightened by the vision of Apocalypse. So, civilizations are mortal.Item Profesor Stanisław Borowski jako historyk gospodarczy(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Rusiński, WładysławProfessor Stanisław Borowski, though professionally connected with statistics and demography, stalled his economic activity with research on economic and social history. As a participant of a seminar conducted by Prof. Jan Rutkowski, who was one of co-originators of the science of economic history in Poland, he earned first knowledge on research methods of economic historian. First of all, he learned to- esteem and use in practice principles of closeness and reliability in all scientific undertakings. He stayed true to the principles until the end of this life. After Prof. Rutkowski's death (1949) Stanisław Borowski put forth further scientific activity under direction of the author. The protection turned into a sincere, obliging friendship later on. Scientific output of Professor Borowski is impressive in the scope of economic history. It is mainly devoted to the history of Wielkopolska agriculture and country in the 19th and the 20th centuries. It comprises a few voluminous monographic works, f. ex. a great monographs entitled „Genesis and Labour Conditions of Agrarian Workers in Wielkopolska During Great Agrarian Reforms (1816 - 1860)", the work qualifying for assistant-professorship entitled „Stratification of Wielkopolska Country in the Years 1807 - 1914", numerous minor treatises and articles, methodic studies, papers prepared for scientific congresses and conferences (in which Prof. Borowski participated intensely) and critics of Polish and foreign publications in the scope of economic and social history. All Prof. Borowski's works are based on very profound source data. Owing to wide utilization of statistical methods and stress put on research on social structures they liken the trend represented by the French „histoire quantitative" Unusual dilligence of Professor Borowski won over the common respect for him. The premature death, unfortunately, put an end to his further scientific plans. His voluminous output, however, in the scope of economic history has remained. It occupies a very important place in Polish historiography.Item Choice of Econometric Model for the Discriminative Prediction(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Pawłowski, ZbigniewThe author occupies himself in the article with conditions that should be fulfilled by an econometric model that is supposed to serve a purpose of the discriminative prediction. After brief remarks on the subject of discrimination prediction (para 1) six fundamental conditions are discussed in the next part that should be fulfilled by a good model. In turn, Section 3 is devoted to discussion of the notions of efficiency and reliability of decisive variables. Efficiency is understood as intensity of stochastis connection of these variables with goal variables, and reliability of decisive variables — as probability of actual reaching the desired values in the predicted time by them. Section 4 is devoted to considerations on economic effectiveness of decisive variables changes of which are combined with cost of action and with reliability. Section 5 concerns elasticity of decisive variables (understood as a degree of ability to show significant changes values from time period to time period). Then, in the sixth part of the article proposals are presented of some aggregate measures enabling the analysis of the extent in which changes of goals variables, designed for the future, result from changes in decisive variables level, purely exogeneous variables, delayed endogeneous variables and from random factors.Item Profesor Stanisław Borowski jako statystyk i demograf(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Wierzchosławski, StanisławProfessor Stanisław Borowski is one of the most distinguished researches of demographic phenomena in Poland in the post-war period. He was prepared for a research work not only thanks to his many-sided education (economics, law, mathematics) but also thanks to his personal predispositions such as deep intellect, rare organizational skill, great admirable diligence and consistency in accomplishing his research aims. Prof. Borowski's research interest was concentrated on several subjects among which the following have to be distinguished: 1. Statistical methods in population processes studies; 2. Studies of time-spatial trends of demographic and economic development; 3. Studies on factors of population reproduction. Prof. Borowski's methodological interests were concentrated on transformations of source-information into statistical cathegories, in quantification rules of mass-phenomena and on measurement of their numerical value. He paid a big attention to, the identification of statistical sources and to the comparative analysis. He created a basis for a new, unknown branch of statistics: source-knowledge in the field of socio-economic phenomena. The published articles concerning this new subject have been very well received by scholars in Poland and abroad. In his research work Prof. Borowski was using new tools-mathematic-statistical methods. Thanks to this he could create on a large scale scientific synthesis based on an enormous historical and contemporary sources. During the last years of his life he concentrates his efforts on factor, taxonomie and cohort analysises being a pioneer of their implementation in Poland. Being an advocate of a modern-type of numerical description of demographic phenomena he contributed to the development of a new discipline called demometry. He presented this attitude in many works. His inspirations in this field are also to be found in the doctor's dissertations of many of his students. The second part of Prof. Borowski's research effort concerns secular trends of the demographic development of the Wielkopolska region and of the whole country. One has to mention broad, historical studies on rural and nonrural labour market. In this field he created monumental works being a turning point in existing historical demography studies. He presented in them a new approach based on the implementation of the newest mathematical and statistical methods. This research approach is then continued in his studies concerning contemporary transformations of population. Prof. Borowski conducted studies on measurement of labour source resources in agriculture and on division of labour force between agriculture and non-agricultural branches of national economy. His three-part monography on economic and demographic development of Wielkopolska region in last 170 years is strongly related to this area of his research interest. He stressed there relations between land reforms, creation of modern agriculture, capitalistic and socialist industrialization and development of the Wielkopolska region. Studies on the Wielkopolska region created a basis for broad studies on the demographic transformations in the whole country. Using a rich empirical data Profesor Borowski studied a process of demographic revolution in Poland (so called demographic transition) and a tendency to a demographic stabilization related to socio-economic transformations in Poland. Broad studies on factors determining processes of population reproduction in Poland belong to the third part of Prof. Borowski's interest. Those studies were interrupted by his sudden death. They were conducted as a part of a broader subject "Optimization of Demographic Structures and Processes in Polish People's Republic". Prof. Borowski initiated and coordinated them in a close cooperation with the Comittee of Demographic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The implementation of rich and reliable statistical information was one of the characteristics of Prof. Borowski's research-approach. When information was not available or when available data could not be treated as reliable, Prof. Borowski and his students created with an enormous effort their own information sources. Prof. Borowski conducted on a big scale survey studies and laborious archival studies in the whole country. As a result a unique data bank on demographic processes in Poland has been created. Prof. Borowski's research output in the field of demography represents a fully mature scientific approach. It evoluated from analytical studies to theoretical and methodological synthesisses. Prof. Borowski has creatively contributed to the development and to the modernization of demographic sciences in Poland. Thanks to his efforts demography has found an important place among social sciences on national and international level.