Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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Peitho. Examina Antiqua jest międzynarodowym czasopismem poświęconym badaniom starożytnej myśli greckiej, rzymskiej i bizantyjskiej. Czasopismo publikuje oryginalne artykuły, tłumaczenie, recenzje i krótsze teksty w zakresie filozofii, literatury, historii i języka. „Peitho. Examina Antiqua” przyjmuje teksty w języku angielskim, francuskim, niemieckim, włoskim i polskim.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua is an international journal devoted to the investigation of ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine thought. „Peitho. Examina Antiqua” publishes original research papers, translations, reviews and short notes in the fields of philosophy, literature, history and language. The languages of publication are English, French, German, Italian and Polish.
Redaktor naczelny:
Marian Wesoły
Kontakt:
Instytut Filozofii UAM
ul. Szamarzewskiego 89 C
60–568 Poznań / Poland
e-mail: peitho@amu.edu.pl
Strona www: http://peitho.amu.edu.pl/
Nazwa wydawcy:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM,
ul. Szamarzewskiego 89C 60-568 Poznań
ISSN: 2082–7539
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Item Tablica Kebesa jako przykład alegorycznej popularyzacji etyki w starożytności(2010) Pacewicz, ArturThe present paper offers a general introduction to the first Polish postwar translation of the Tabula of Cebes. It discusses the general structure of the text and its major arguments. Subsequently, some speculations on the philosophical affinity of the author of the text are given and the nature of its reception is dealt with. Furthermore, the article presents also a brief history of allegorical interpretation in Greece and touches upon the most important exegetical tendencies that hitherto have appeared in European culture. The article is followed by the first Polish postwar translation of the Tabula of Cebes.Item Protagoras wydobyty z Teajteta(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Wesoły, MarianItem De Cicerone poeta — sine ira et studio(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Bleja, PawełItem Socrate, questo sconosciuto(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Rossetti, LivioThe first part of the present paper argues against any attempts to find a set of fixed points of a doctrine that could be ascribed to Socrates. The main thesis of the article has it that Socrates was part of a cultural movement that was marked by a tendency to rather raise questions than merely provide answers and boast about having a number of doctrines or doxai of their own. The second part of the paper concentrates on a number of memorable innovations that eventually constituted Greek culture, e.g., the idea that it is possible and desirable to be in full control of oneself and, consequently, to shoulder responsibility for one’s deeds rather than merely avoid and deny it. Thus, Socrates and ancient Socratic literature are shown here to be a probable source of numerous ideas that the western civilization has built on for centuries, these being, for instance, the idea of the limits of our powers. Hence, the conclusion of the article is that it would be a serious mistake to exclude Socrates from this major cultural development, even though the thinker did produce neither a theory nor a body of theories.Item Wokół sporu papieża i cesarza o władzę — Marsyliusza z Padwy Defensor pacis(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Białas, AnnaThe most famous medieval controversy over the power and the temporal dominion took place between the papacy and the empire. One of the greatest advocates of the imperial domination was Marsilius of Padua, the author of an original work that demonstrated the advantage of acknowledging the emperor’s superiority over the Pope’s. The Defen¬sor pacis, written between 1319 and 1324, was devoted to the dispute on such sovereignty issues as proving that the Pope should be subordinate to the Emperor, and not vice versa. The Defensor pacis takes issue with numerous arguments and views uttered by the papal camp and uses the appropriate quotations from the Bible and Aristotle to show their weakness and inconsistency. The work comprises three parts. The first part is a description of the ideal system, i.e., an elective monarchy, with the specified role of a ruler and a clear indication of the sovereignty of the people. The second and third parts present a challenge to the arguments of the papal camp (including the famous argument of the “power keys”) and analyze the general situation of the Church, suggesting the necessary reforms. Thus, the whole work becomes a compendium of knowledge on appropriate governance.Item Zarys historyczny filozofii bizantyńskiej i jej podstawowe zagadnienia(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Viglas, KatelisThe article seeks to present an overview of the history of Byzantine philosophy. It takes its point of departure in the most important factors that influenced and shaped the Patristic thought. Subsequently, the paper considers the relative autonomy of Byzantine philosophy and offers a brief profile of major philosophers that contributed to the stream in the period from 9th to 15th century. From the numerous subjects that were taken into account by the most prominent Byzantine philosophers, the article discusses such issues as: the view of God, the problem of ‘conceptual realism’, the relationship between such ‘disciplines’ as logic, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics and philosophical anthropology. Furthermore, such questions as the place of man in the world, the scope of their freedom and the problem of evil are also touched upon here. The paper concludes with some remarks on the development of Byzantine philosophy after the fall of Byzantium.Item O zwykłej niechęci wobec agrapha dogmata(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Szlezák, Thomas A.The present paper deals with eight charges that are frequently leveled against any research that focuses on the agrapha dogmata. The charges are demonstrated to be completely unfounded and, therefore, duly dismissed. In particular, it is argued here that the phrase ta legomena (so called) is by no means to be understood as ironic. Consequently, the article rejects the very common picture of Plato as some sort of dogmatist and author of a fixed philosophical system. However, Plato’s philosophy is presented as rather ‘overt’ and ‘straightforward’ in its nature. With the situation being as it is, thorough knowledge of the agrapha dogmata is shown to be an absolute prerequisite for understanding Plato’s dialogues. The paper concludes with an observation that while investigating the issue is completely warranted and does not in any way entail any devaluation of the dialogues, Aristotle’s testimony must also be taken into account.Item Le «montage» par Michel Psellos du commentaire d’Hermias sur le Phèdre de Platon(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Arabatzis, GeorgesThe Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) wrote a brief treatise entitled An Explanation of the Drive of the Soul Chariot and the Army of Gods According to Plato in the Phaedrus. The treatise consists of a compilation of excerpts from Hermias’ commentary on the Phaedrus. Psellos does not mention Hermias’ name but rather traces the origins of the treatise back to some “Greek theologians”. Psellos’ text presents a great interpretative challenge: the order of the myths about the charioteer and the parade of gods is reversed so that the former explicates the latter in such a way that the whole Platonic argument is dismissed as “absurd”. The Phaedrus in the Neo‑Platonictradition (in Iamblichus in particular) is considered to be a strictly theological dialogue. Yet, Psellos’ arrangement shows that he was not interested in the mythographical or allegorical dimension of the excerpts. He rather focused on the epistemic problem, i.e., a reduction of the trichotomy of the soul into a duality of principles. Thus, he followed certain Aristotelian commentators. Psellos suggests a reduction that is subjectivist or individualist in its nature and he refuses to identify individual intellect with any particular piety.Item Prawny, polityczny, filozoficzny i religijny wymiar procesu i stracenia Sokratesa(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Kostas E., BeysThe article deals with the legal, political, philosophical and religious dimensions of Socrates’ trial and execution. It considers the issue in five separate aspects: 1) the validity of charging Socrates with impiety and corrupting the youth of the Athens; 2) the legal basis of the philoso¬pher’s indictment; 3) the then manner of conducting a legal trial in the Athens; 4) the extent to which Socrates’ conviction can ultimately be characterized as unjust and — finally — 5) the cultural ramifications of the philosopher’s trial and execution.Item Sokrates und die deliberative Demokratie. Zum sokratischen Politikverständnis in Platons Apologie, Kriton und Gorgias(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Jedan, ChristophThe position of Socrates in Plato’s earlier dialogues is often seen as an anticipation of contemporary political theories. This article takes issue with the claim that Socrates anticipated modern theories of deliberative democracy. It examines three early Platonic dialogues (the Apology, the Crito and the Gorgias) and argues that the Socrates presented in the dialogues is actually far more dogmatic in ethical as well as religious matters than such annexations of Socrates can acknowledge. Furthermore, Socrates does not develop a theory that would support Athenian democracy. Although politically inactive within the Athenian political framework, Socrates is nonetheless depicted in the Gorgias as formulating an “ethical” view of politics. According to this conception, true politics is always virtue oriented. It is a matter of improving the characters of one’s fellow citizens, and is detached from the question of how political power should be distributed. Socrates’ political outlook is echoed in several Hellenistic philosophical schools, the Stoics in particular.Item ΔΙΑ ΤΙ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΩΤΕΡΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙΟΤΕΡΟΝ ΠΟΙΗΣΙΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΕΣΤΙΝ; In Aristotelis Poeticorum libellum adnotatiuncula(2010) Domański, IuliusAristotle’s statement that — in terms of philosophy — poetry is superior to history can be understood better, when analysed in the context of the Stagirite’s epistemology, ontology, and eudaimonic ethics. Both poetry and history deal with numerous contingent and chaotic events, but while history is only reconstructive, poetry reworks its matter more thoroughly. History attempts to recount all events and does it in accord with their contingent and chaotic nature, whereas poetry implies certain choices. By doing so, it introduces uniformity and coherence thus providing a different ontic status than the one that reigned originally. Consequently, the cognitive result of poetry can be compared to the beatific value of conceptual knowledge in philosophy.Item Kolejny tom studiów nad Sokratesem(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2010) Pentassuglio, FrancescaItem Il metodo adatto per Eutifrone: una calma distanza(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Candiotto, LauraThe present paper aims to discuss how the Socratic method operates with Euthyphro inside the Euthyphro. The first part of the article focuses on the character’s description, upon which it moves to analyzing the very method itself not only in terms of its argumentative form but also in terms of its psychological and social aspects. Euthyphro is shown to have been a supporter of religion that was entirely incapable of living up to the religious ideals that he so confidently advocated for. Through his portrayal of Socrates’ refutation of Euthyphro, Plato seeks not only to redeem his teacher but also to criticize the then society. When describing the Socratic method, the present paper proposes to view it with a “calm distance” on the grounds of the fact that the distinctive feature of the method consists in creating an emotional distance between Socrates and Euthyphro. The purpose of such a strategy is to make Euthyphro realize the weakness of his position and embrace the purification through the socratic elenchos.Item Un Socrate che non ascolta: per esempio nell'Eutifrone(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Rosetti, LivioWalter Kohan has recently observed that Socrates does not seem particularly interested in the opinions of his interlocutors. Consequently, the philosopher is not really involved in a peer to peer relation with them, but rather embarks upon the task of annihilating their ideas. With the situation being as it is, the image of Socrates as a champion of dialogue begins to wobble. While the present paper aims to discuss these claims, a number of issues needs to be accounted for. First of all, the Socratic dialogue does begin in a characteristically symmetrical way, but it becomes more and more asymmetric as the elenchos begins to appear. This is due to the fact the elenchos makes the interlocutors defensive, whereas Socrates can attack freely. Given that, Kohan’s claims seem justified and enlightening, but they should not be regarded as conclusive, since one must neither forget nor undervalue how innovative it was to replace monologue speeches with one-to-one dialogues which offered the opportunity of being involved in unforeseeable conversations.Item Some Remarks on the Nineteenth Century Studies of the Euthyphro in Poland(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Mróz, TomaszThe present paper examined how Polish philosophers, historians and classicists understood and interpreted Plato’s Euthyphro in the 19th century. The article provides evidence for a twofold interest that Polish readers had for the dialogue in this period. Firstly, Catholic think¬ers focused on the ethical issues of the dialogue and supported the reviv¬al of the Scholasticism, confirming, at the same time, the vitality of Plato’s thought. Secondly, the text of Plato’s opusculum was a conveni¬ent didactic material for various teachers of the Greek language: while the Euthyphro gave them the opportunity to raise ethical and logical issues, they also taught philosophy on the basis of this dialogue.Item Tra Ramo, Alessandro di Afrodisia e Averroè. Il commento di Francesco Vimercato (ca. 1512–ca. 1580) al libro XII della Metafisica di Aristotele(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Facca, DaniloWhat kind of causality does the Aristotelian Prime Mover exert on the heaven? Who “loves” the Prime Mover? Renaissance peripatetic philosopher, Francesco Vimercato, a “royal” teacher of “Greek and Latin philosophy” in Paris during the forties and the fifties of the 16th century tried to resolve these traditional puzzles that resulted from the exegesis of the Metaphysics XII, 6–7. His solution appears to be innovative, if compared to the ancient and the medieval ones. It seems partially to prefigure the last two decades’ interpretations of Aristotelian “theology”.Item Defiance, Persuasion, or Conformity? The Argument in Plato's Apology and Crito(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Domaradzki, MikołajThe present paper attempts to throw some light on the conundrum of Socrates’ political views in the Apology and Crito. The problem resides in that the Socrates of the Apology evidently undermines the authority of Athenian democracy, whereas the Socrates of the Crito argues that his escape from prison would be tantamount to disrespecting the state, which would in turn threaten the prosperity of the entire πόλις. The article suggests that in the two dialogues, the young Plato examines the possibility of steering a middle course between embracing relativism, on the one hand, and encouraging civil disobedience, on the other. Thus, the philosopher focuses primarily on investigating the two options, without either totally subordinating the citizen to the state, or unreflexively accepting any crude pragmatism.Item Z nowych badań nad dialogiem Sokratejskim(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Torbus, SławomirItem Divine Command and Socratic Piety in the Euthyphro(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Koehn, GlenWhile Socrates was in his own way a deeply religious man, the Euthyphro is often thought to provide a refutation of the divine command theory of morality: the theory that what is morally good is good because it is divinely approved. Socrates seems to suggest that what is holy or pious (ὅσιος) is pleasing to the gods because it is holy, and not holy because it pleases them. Thus the dialogue is sometimes presented as showing that what is morally good and bad must be independent of the divine will. I argue that matters are not so simple, since there are several ways in which the gods could help determine which acts are good, for instance, by disposing certain human affairs which are relevant to moral decisions. Moreover, Socrates suggests that he has obligations to the gods themselves, and these obligations would have to depend in part on what pleases them. It follows that the dilemma which Socrates poses to Euthyphro (pious because loved by the gods, or loved by the gods because pious) does not offer two mutually exclusive alteratives. There are various ways for the preferences of such gods to help determine which acts are adequate for moral praise or blame. It could therefore hardly be the case that religious doctrines, if true, are irrelevant to the content of morality. Knowledge of the gods’ preferences, if such knowledge were available, would be of importance to moral theory. Socrates himself does not deny this, nor should we.Item Megiston agathon (Pl. Ap. 38 a) – Sedno życia i filozoficznego wyzwania Sokratesa(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, 2011) Wesoły, MarianWe suggest a certain minimal approach to the historical Socrates on the basis of Plato’s Apology. This text makes it possible to reconstruct the authentic charge and the defense line of Socrates, as well as his motivation and the quintessence of his philosophical challenge. The most important thing is what the philosopher says in the face of his death sentence: that the greatest good for a man is to live an examined life focusing on virtues and ethical values. Unfortunately, the preponderance of studies, even the most recent ones, fail to recognize the philosopher’s provocative challenge, whilst it is not only a crucial motif in the Socratic examining (ἐξετάζειν), i.e. testing the interlocutors’ knowledge by means of irony, elenchos and aporia, but also an inspiration for his direct and indirect followers in seeking virtues and the greatest good.