Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium, 2011, nr XXI/2

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Wyrażanie obowiązku w traktacie De officiis M.T. Cycerona
(Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, 2011) Górska, Małgorzata
This article attempts to distinguish various language markers of obligation used in Cicero’s De officiis. The tentative list of means which serve to express obligation in chosen text includes (1) morphological markers, such as: the imperative and subjunctive moods, the future tense; (2) lexical means: the modal verbs debere and oportet, the impersonal phrases officium est and munus est, the performative verbs postulo and hortor, and (3) syntactic markers: the periphrastic gerundival construction and the est + genetivus possessivus construction. However all these grammatical and lexical means may express the notions of deontic necessity only under the specific circumstances.