Glottodidactica, Vol. 30-31 (2005)
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Item A NEUROLINGUISTIC ACCOUNT OF LEARNING BARRIERS IN THINKING PATTERNS: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CLASSROOM WRITING(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) PENG, VIRGINIATeaching English as a foreign language to students invariably encounters 3 learning barriers: (1) the barrier between the instructor and students; (2) the barrier between the textbook author and the student; and (3) the barrier between the instructor and the textbook author. These are explained by applying neurolinguistic theory currently available in neuroscience. To help students learn English, particularly regarding writing, the instructor faces challenges to overcome such barriers, because teaching any language to students of a different culture requires a great deal of adjustment of brain functions on all parties involved. This paper addresses one particular issue, adjustment of the thinking process, from a neurolinguistic point of view; it specifically presents classroom writings, by analyzing them, in order to propose a remedy. The data are papers from first year university students. The materials were collected through participant observation and from student homework. These data are analyzed. The results of the analysis of the data are discussed in detail. The author concludes that pathways to students' protomeanings in the brain must be formed, and that repetition of exercises by relying on students' brain functions of memory can enhance understanding , because in writing, there is a large gap between writing a paragraph and an essay, which can be narrowed by the brain functions of memory.Item ALLGEMEINE SCHREIBKUNST. TEIL I. AUS DER NACHGELASSENEN HANDSCHRIFT „OPTEGNELSER TIL EN PASIGRAPHIE" (1823)(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) RASK, RASMUS KRISTIANThe famous Danish philologist R.K. Rask, one of the founders of historical linguistics, has left in a manuscript of 1823 the outline of a minor treatise "Almindelig Skrivekunst" (i.e. "general art of writing/spelling"). It deals with issues of writing systems and develops, as well as discusses, suggestions for a rational Roman-script transliteration of "Oriental" alphabets. The following is an annotated translation by Otto Back (Vienna) of the Danish handwritten original, preceded by the translator's introductory remarks.Item COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HAUSA TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED OVER NIGERIAN ELECTRONIC MEDIA(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) MOHAMMED, USMAN AHMADUThe study is set up to examine Hausa terms and concepts used over the Nigeria electronic media. Specifically the study analyses the use of Hausa in the eastern Hausa dialect area where we sample Plateau and Adamawa States in Nigeria. Through various instruments of research, the study comes up with various performances of the Hausa Broadcasters in terms of IOVs, IOAs, IOCs, and IOIs. The study identifies that there are various degrees of variations among Hausa Broadcasters in the use of terms and concepts in the electronic media in the non-Hausa dialect area. These variations are observed at different levels i.e. among Hausa Broadcasters in the same electronic media within the same dialect area and across electronic media. These variations occasion various degrees of performances among Hausa Broadcasters in terms of IOAs. The study further identifies various degrees of performances in terms of IOCs, which result in various degrees of performances in terms of IOIs. The performances of the Hausa Broadcasters result in confusions and breakdown of communication as reported by Hausa listeners. These variations and inconsistencies in the use of Hausa terms and concepts over the electronic media are tied up to various factors. The lack of a language monitoring body saddled with the responsibility of supervising Hausa language development in the media may be the cause of such discrepancies in the use of terms of concepts over the electronic media in the non-Hausa dialect area.Item Dialogic Signals In Argumentative Discussions of Advanced Polish Learners Of English(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Nowicka, AgnieszkaThe first part of the paper deals with characteristics of classroom interaction as a type of institutional talk in a conversational analytic perspective. Next, the thesis is discussed concerning developing learners' interactional competence to foster learner discursive independence in argumentative discussions in English as a foreign language. Finally, after a short review of dialogic signals, the article presents a preliminary analysis of selected dialogic signals: evaluating reformulations and piggybacking as the ways of achieving reciprocity in argumentative discussions.Item DIE INTERAKTIONALEN ZUSAMMENHÄNGE IN SCHRIFTSÄTZEN(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) MŁODECKI, MICHAŁThe following paper deals generally with the linguistic research of the german language of law and more precisely - the texts written by lawyers. It presents the joint analysis of three successive written statements concerning a civil case - the statement of claim, the statement of defence and the replication. The aim is to give a linguistic description of this type of text including the analysis of the interaction between the parties reflected in the language of these texts. Therefore three levels of texts were taken into consideration - the macrostructure, the midistructure and the microstructure. The main part of the interaction takes place in the complex level of midistructure, on the one hand between the speech acts of each text, on the other hand as a progress of the topical structure, but the remaining levels are also influenced. The joint analysis of the three texts enables to observe similarities between such approach and the analysis of a spoken interaction, ie. a talk, discussion. Thus, it is an example of overcoming the division of the linguistic research into two fields - the linguistic of the spoken and written language.Item DIE STUDENTENBEWEGUNG 1968 IM SPIEGEL DER DEUTSCHEN PRESSE. EIN ÜBERBLICK ÜBER DIE SCHLAGZEILEN ZUR ANTI-SPRINGER-KAMPAGNE IM APRIL 1968(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) SZCZERBAK, JACEKThis article describes the attitudes of German press to the events of the student protest in West Berlin and West Germany in 1968. A number of headlines from five major German newspapers and magazines (from Das Bild to Neues Deutschland) have been chosen to illustrate how the same facts were differently interpreted by left-wing and right-wing journalists. The language of political propaganda is in the author"s focus of attention although the first part of the article also covers some historical aspects of the student revolt. Since the media played an active role in the revolt on both sides of the social conflict, this short analysis of the German press might be of interest to linguists and historians alike. Among the analyzed linguistic aspects of the headlines are the following: the degree of neutrality or objectivity vs. emotional bias, the use of quotations, irony, colloquialisms as well as the perspective and the content of the headlines as speech acts. On this basis the author tries to define the position of the five newspapers and magazines in the political debate about the events of 1968 which continues to this day.Item EVALUATION FORMATIVE INITIALE DE LA COMPETENCE INTERCULTURELLE DES APPRENANTS DE FLE DANS LE CONTEXTE UNIVERSITAIRE(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) ORCHOWSKA, IZABELAThe problem discussed in the article refers to a wider context of the empirical research realized within the doctoral dissertation. The research aims at proving the influence of the educational evaluation of the intercultural competence on the development of personal communicative competence of the first year students of French in the College of Foreign Language at the University of Adam Mickiewicz. The evaluation of the competence was conducted in the institutional conditions with the use of traditional media materials in French and Polish. The article introduces the concept of the educational evaluation of intercultural competence. The author also presents the results of the empirical research from its initial phase. The main focus is on the issue of students' metacognitive readiness to perform this type of evaluation. The article aims to show that the positive role of the educational evaluation of intercultural competence in developing personal communicative competence of learners depends to a large extent on the level of metacognitive awareness they managed to reach.Item EXAMINATION OF HAUSA TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED OVER ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THE NON-SPEAKING HAUSA AREA(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) MOHAMMED, USMAN AHMADUSpecifically the study analyses the use of Hausa in three different areas i.e. a) the eastern Hausa dialect area where we sample Kaduna and Kano States b) the western Hausa dialect area where we sampled Sokoto and Katsina States and c) the non-Hausa speaking area where we sampled Adamawa and Plateau States all in Nigeria. Never the less for the sake of comparation we have considered some foreign electronic media that broadcast programmes in Hausa. Among these electronic media we distinguished between the African electronic media whereby we sampled Niger and Cameroon republics, which are Francophone neigboring Nigeria and the foreign electronic media whereby we sampled BBC-Hausa service and the VOA-Hausa service. Through various instruments of research, the study comes up with various performances of the Hausa Broadcasters in terms of IOVs, IOAs, IOCs, and IOIs. The study identifies that there are various degrees of variations among Hausa Broadcasters in the use of terms and concepts in the electronic media in all the areas. These variations are observed at different levels i.e. among Hausa Broadcasters in the same electronic media within the same dialect area and across electronic media. These variations occasion various degrees of performances among Hausa Broadcasters in terms of IOAs. The study further identifies various degrees of performances in terms of IOCs, which result in various degrees of performances in terms of IOIs. The performances of the Hausa Broadcasters result in confusions and breakdown of communication as reported by Hausa listeners. These variations and inconsistencies in the use of Hausa terms and concepts over the electronic media are tied up to various factors. The lack of a language monitoring body saddled with the responsibility of supervising Hausa language development in the media may be the cause of such discrepancies in the use of terms of concepts over all the electronic media that broadcast and feature programmes in Hausa within Nigeria as well as outside.Item EXAMINATION OF HAUSA TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED OVER ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THE WESTERN HAUSA DIALECT AREA(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) MOHAMMED, USMAN AHMADUThe study is set up to examine Hausa terms and concepts used over the Nigeria electronic media. Specifically the study analyses the use of Hausa in the eastern Hausa dialect area where we sample Katsina and Sokoto States in Nigeria. Through various instruments of research, the study comes up with various performances of the Hausa Broadcasters in terms of lOVs, IOAs, IOCs, and IOls. The study identifies that there are various degrees of variations among Hausa Broadcasters in the use of terms and concepts in the electronic media in the western Hausa dialect area. These variations are observed at different levels i.e. among Hausa Broadcasters in the same electronic media within the same dialect area and across electronic media. These variations occasion various degrees of performances among Hausa Broadcasters in terms of IOAs. The study further identifies various degrees of performances in terms of IOCs, which result in various degrees of performances in terms of IOIs.Item KOOPERATIVES MITEINANDER STATT NEBENEINANDER. ZUR BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN DER INTERKULTURELLEN FREMDSPRACHENDIDAKTIK UND DEN KULTURWISSENSCHAFTEN(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Adamczak-Krysztofowicz, SylwiaThe goal of developing the learner's intercultural communicative competence can best be achieved by an intercultural approach of foreign language teaching encompassing both the acquisition of linguistic and cultural competence as well as combining cognitive, communicative and affective goals to learning languages. In the field of intercultural foreign language teaching research, however, the most recent findings in cultural studies can influence effective methods of developing intercultural communicative competence. The aim of the article is therefore to focus on the importance of different cultural disciplines, examing their connections with cognitive and affective goals of foreign language teaching. The conclusive part of the paper points at issues that can become the object of further glottodidactic research.Item Kpocc-peфepeнцuя kak чacmъ omнoшeнuŭ мeжcoy oбъekmaмu u uz нauмeнoвaнuямu b мeouцuнckoм mekcme(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) ZAGÓRSKA, BOŻENA; ZANIEWSKI, JANTeaching of the Russian language to students reveals certain difficulty concerning the semantic contents of the scientific text on the lexical level. Cross-reference, whose purpose is to convey the meaning and connection of sentences, is one of the types of semantic coherence and clarity of the text. The traditionally understood anaphoric word does not ensure a wide range of modes of nomination in the text. Nomination of objects in the text illustrates the relations between objects and their names that warrant establishing of the following cross-references: 1) one object - one name, 2) different objects - different names, 3) one object - different names, 4) different objects - one name. The analysis was conducted based on Russian and French medical texts.Item OPTIMIERUNG DES DIDAKTISCHEN PROZESSES UND STREBEN NACH SUBJEKTIVITÄT. „OFFENER" GEIST(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) IŻBIŃSKA, KATARZYNAThe following article discusses the optimization of the didactic process by using some relevant elements and by simultaneous aiming at subjectivity. Moreover, the new role of the teacher, who also becomes the mentor of his students, contributes to the improvement of this didactic process. The author of this article claims that the whole pedagogical process is the system of multiple elements which stay in mutual correlation. Not taking under consideration, explained in the article, components or isolating them from each other may lead to disturbances in functioning of the system or even its collapse which means the destruction of the didactic interaction.Item PARALLELE WELTEN. INWIEFERN LITERATURWISSENSCHAFT UND SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT VONEINANDER PROFITIEREN KÖNNEN(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Bock, UrsulaThe essay starts with a discussion about language as the central medium of human communication. Language is the object of research within linguistics, that analyse its structure as well as its pragmatic and communicative character. But also literature and research in literature reflect about language, its prospects and also its limits of mutual understanding. Problems of communication often arise in intercultural environments, especially under the restraints of emigration or foreign rules. Nowadays problems increase because of tendencies of globalization, that require the learning of foreign languages, but also the acquaintance with foreign cultures. Under these circumstances foreign language teaching gets more and more important to procure intercultural communicative skills. Whereas the chances of literature appear to be rather limited on this field.Item PROTOTYPENTHEORIE UND THEORIE DES SEMANTISCHEN FELDES ALS MITTEL ZUR BESCHREIBUNG VON KATEGORIESTRUKTUR(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) STEFANIUK, MARCELAThe article discusses the applicability of prototype theory and the theoiy of semantic fields for the analysis of category structure. The analysed empirical material consisted of German lexemes denoting Headgear. The first part of the article compares the theoretical assumptions of both prototype and lexical field theories. A category analysed from the structural perspective is built of elements that are all equal to one another. They all posses the same set of features called archilexeme content. Thus there are no better and no worse members of such a category. As opposed to this the prototype theory assumes that a fundament and reference point of a given category is the prototype - the category's best example. All the remaining category members take the places within the category depending on their similarity to the prototype. Within this theory we can therefore speak of grades of membership as well as of grades of representability. The second part of the article discusses the means used for the realisation of the analysis as well as its results. To present the results in short: the position of a prototype takes the lexeme ,Jiut" (hat) and the whole category seems to consist of a few smaller ones included within the superior category. Thus the category structure seems to be in accordance with the assumptions of the prototype theory. The prototype as the best example was often used to create names for objects that the questioned did not know. The indirect relation between the name and the object of language extern reality found its confirmation in the question concerned with the objects features. It was not possible for people to name any features if they can not call the representation of the object. As a result many of the given words came out with no features whatsoever. The final conclusion coming out of the analysis is that the prototype theory is more proper a tool for describing the structure of natural categories whereas the structural principles' application can only be the artificial categories.Item TEXTSORTENKRITERIEN FÜR WERBEMATERIALIEN TECHNISCHER UNTERNEHMEN. TEXTTYP: TECHNICAL PROSPECT(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) WIELIŃSKA, KATARZYNAThe paper refers to the basic problems of classification of technical prospects to particular text types. On the basis of three different prospects the author makes an attempt of describing some of classifications methods and factors relevant for translation orientated text analysis. Defining conditions of classification of this popular text type can prove to be helpful for its future translators.Item THE FEASIBILITY OF INTEGRATING FORM AND MEANING IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOM: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF CLASSROOM DISCOURSE(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Pawlak, MirosławRecent years have witnessed a revival of interest in form-focused instruction in foreign language pedagogy and there is a growing realization that a certain degree of emphasis on formal aspects of the target language is necessary if learners are to achieve high levels of accuracy (e.g. Doughty and Williams 1998; Ellis 2001). In the view of second language theorists and researchers, one of the ways in which this kind of emphasis can most profitably be accomplished is by drawing students' attention to linguistic forms as they are engaged in primarily meaning-focused activities (cf. Long and Robinson 1998). Such a dual focus on form and meaning can, for example, result from the provision of explicit or implicit negative feedback targeting the forms that turn out to be problematic. The paper will discuss the findings of a research project which investigated the feasibility of integrating form and meaning during naturally occurring secondary school English lessons. Thirty 45-minute lessons were tape-recorded, parts of the lessons which were largely communicative in nature were identified and transcribed, and the exchanges with a dual focus of the kind described above were pinpointed and subjected to qualitative analysis. The analysis showed that it is in fact possible to integrate form and meaning during communication-focused activities, that focus on form of that kind can be used to address not only grammatical problems but also those related to lexis and phonology, and that it may be beneficial for the learners' interlanguage development.Item TRANSLATOR AND INTERPRETER TRAINING. CURRICULUM DESIGN. NEW PROSPECTS AND DILEMMAS(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Kwieciński, Piotr; Feder, MarcinInstitutional changes within universities and the challenge of EU enlargement present translator and interpreter trainers with both new opportunities and dilemmas. The major potential tension areas that must be addressed in the curricula include the status of retour translation and interpreting, the role of liaison interpreting in the curriculum, the separation of interpreter and translator training, and the focus on skills and techniques vs. background knowledge. The article suggests tentative solutions in these areas, based on the authors' own experience in curriculum design. The limitations and advantages of a postgraduate training programme within a foreignlanguage department are also discussed.Item VISUALISIERUNG UND IHRE FUNKTIONEN BEI DER NOTIZENNAHME IM KSD(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) Brzozowska, LucynaTaking notes in consecutive interpreting is of eminent significance. It is directly related to the specificity of consecutive interpreting, in the first line to the phase displacing: at first there is a text presented to be translated and afterwards its respective translation is produced. Written texts which are read aloud are more difficult in the reception than spoken texts. Even more difficult are specialized texts. If a specialized written text is presented orally in longer sequences the consecutive interpreter is able to translate it in the proper way only with help of taking notes.Item ZUR ZEREBRALEN ORGANISATION VON SPRACHE(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2005) KUBIAK, PAWEŁThe article is devoted to the cerebral organisation of language. This work is intended as a state-of-the-art paper describing current research and theory in some subfields of cognitive neuroscience that may be of importance for the glottodidactics. Part 1 focuses on the issue of lateralization of language. Part 2 provides information on evaluation procedures in brain and points out that language, cognition and emotion can't be viewed as separate elements of mental processing. An attempt has been made to elucidate the role of epigenetic determinations in learning process. In part 3 experimental aspects of neurolinguistics are emphasized, such as aphasia research, advanced brain mapping techniques as essential steps toward better understanding the neural correlates of language functions, and a review how event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to reflect semantic and syntactic processing in normal adults and children.