Stosunki hanzeatycko-nowogrodzkie w dobie kurateli wendyjskiej nad Kantorem św. Piotra
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Date
2014-06-06
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The relations between Hansa and Novgorod in the era of Wendish towns tutelage over the St. Peterhof
Abstract
Praca poświęcona jest stosunkom: dyplomatycznym, gospodarczym i kulturalnym Hanzy z Nowogrodem Wielkim. Hanza stanowiła ugrupowanie miast północ- noniemieckich, pod przewodem Lubeki, które w XIV w.
uzyskało monopol na pośrednictwo w handlu między wschodem a zachodem Europy. Nowogród Wielki
do końca XV w. stanowił największy ośrodek wymiany handlowej, zarówno na Rusi, jak i w Europie Północno-wschodniej. Z Nowogrodu eksportowane były
na zachód: skóry zwierząt futerkowych, wosk, smoła, dziegieć i potaż. Z zachodu do Nowogrodu docierały: śledzie, sól, wino, piwo, miód, wełna i sukna, rudy metali i gotowe produkty metalowe. Kupcy hanzeatyccy w Nowogrodzie skoncentrowani byli w kantorze
św. Piotra. Kuratelę nad kantorem sprawowały kolejno: Gotlandia, miasta wendyjskie i miasta inflanckie. Działalność kantoru i kupców hanzeatyckich w Nowo- grodzie, regulowały układy wielostronne i statut placówki, schra. Kantor był jednostką eksterytorialną,
a kupcy hanzeatyccy obok wcześniej uzyskanych: wolności wyznania i nietykalności osobistej, w okresie kurateli wendyjskiej cieszyli się też: swobodą podróżo- wania do Nowogrodu czterema szlakami oraz prawem badania ruskich towarów eksportowych i otrzymywania nadwyżek. Nowogrodzianie czerpali zyski redystrybu- ując hanzeatyckie artykuły w głąb Rusi i wytapiając
z importowanych kruszców własną monetę. Kontakty hanzeatycko-nowogrodzkie miały też charakter dyfuzji kulturalnej, służyły też przełamaniu wzajemnych uprzedzeń i stereotypów. Hanzeaci przeszczepili
na grunt ruski elementy sztuki romańskiej i gotyckiej, sami zaś przejęli od gospodarzy technikę rytu na korze brzozowej i elementy miejscowego zasobu leksykalne- go.
The current thesis is devoted to diplomatic, economic and cultural relations between the Hanse and Veliky Novgorod. The Hanseatic League was a confederation of North German towns with Lübeck at the lead, a group which in the 14th century monopolized the trade between the East and West of Europe. Veliky Novgorod until the end of the 15th century constituted the largest trade centre in both Russia and the Northeast Europe. To the West, it exported skins of furry animals, wax, tar, wood tar and potash. From the West, herring, salt, wine, beer, mead, wool and cloth, ore and ready-made metal products reached Novgorod. Hanseatic merchants were gathered in Peterhof kontor (trading station), which was supervised by, in turn: Gotland, the Wendish cities and the Livonian cities. Multilateral agreements and the statute of the trading station, schra, regulated the activities of the kontor and Hanseatic merchants. The kontor was an extraterritorial entity; apart from previously obtained freedoms of religion and personal immunity, Hanseatic merchants also enjoyed the freedom of travelling to Novgorod via four routes, and the right to inspect Russian exports, as well as to take over surplus products – during the time of supervision of the Wendish cities. Residents of Novgorod drew profits from redistribution of Hanseatic articles into Russia and smelting their own currency from imported ore. Contacts between the Hanse and Novgorod brought about cultural diffusion and removed mutual prejudices or stereotypes. Members of Hanse transplanted elements of Romanian and Gothic art to the Russian soil, and in return acquired the art of wood carving in birch bark together with local lexical units.
The current thesis is devoted to diplomatic, economic and cultural relations between the Hanse and Veliky Novgorod. The Hanseatic League was a confederation of North German towns with Lübeck at the lead, a group which in the 14th century monopolized the trade between the East and West of Europe. Veliky Novgorod until the end of the 15th century constituted the largest trade centre in both Russia and the Northeast Europe. To the West, it exported skins of furry animals, wax, tar, wood tar and potash. From the West, herring, salt, wine, beer, mead, wool and cloth, ore and ready-made metal products reached Novgorod. Hanseatic merchants were gathered in Peterhof kontor (trading station), which was supervised by, in turn: Gotland, the Wendish cities and the Livonian cities. Multilateral agreements and the statute of the trading station, schra, regulated the activities of the kontor and Hanseatic merchants. The kontor was an extraterritorial entity; apart from previously obtained freedoms of religion and personal immunity, Hanseatic merchants also enjoyed the freedom of travelling to Novgorod via four routes, and the right to inspect Russian exports, as well as to take over surplus products – during the time of supervision of the Wendish cities. Residents of Novgorod drew profits from redistribution of Hanseatic articles into Russia and smelting their own currency from imported ore. Contacts between the Hanse and Novgorod brought about cultural diffusion and removed mutual prejudices or stereotypes. Members of Hanse transplanted elements of Romanian and Gothic art to the Russian soil, and in return acquired the art of wood carving in birch bark together with local lexical units.
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Keywords
Średniowiecze, Middle ages, Hanza, Hansa, Nowogród Wielki, Novgorod Velikii, Kantor św. Piotra, St. Peterhof, Miasta wendyjskie, Wendish towns