Nonstandard "were" and the nonstandard forms of the preterite negative of "to be" in nineteenth century New England Civil War letters and literary dialect portrayals
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Date
2009
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Adam Mickiewicz University
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Abstract
The present paper presents the preliminary results of the study of were in nonstandard positions as
well as nonstandard preterit negative forms of to be in mid- and late nineteenth century New
England folk speech. More specifically, the aim of the study is to investigate whether the grammatical
feature at issue, deemed to have been confined to the Mid- and South Atlantic states in
several scholarly publications, is also attested in the verbal repository of New Englanders of the
mid- and late nineteenth century. The analysis relies mainly on the scrutiny of two types of primary
sources: informal Civil War letters penned by less literate individuals, and fictional portrayals
written by New England regionalists. The data retrieved from the inspected body of material
confirms the presence of were/weren’t/wa’n’t (and other spellings) in nonstandard contexts, preponderantly
in the literary dialect portrayals, whereas Civil War correspondence seems rather
devoid of the traits at issue. As indicated above, the paper presents the preliminary results of the
study: it is believed that an analysis of a bigger corpus of Civil War material, which is currently
being compiled, might identify more instances of forms at issue in nonstandard environments.
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Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, vol. 45.2 (2009), pp. 59-80