Późnośredniowieczne i nowożytne kafle z terenu Nowej Marchii jako przejaw wytwórczości kaflarskiej w strefie kontaktów Brandenburgii, Pomorza, Wielkopolski i Śląska
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Date
2018
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Late Medieval and Post-medieval stove tiles from the Neumark region as an example of stove-tile manufacturing in the contact zone of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Greater Poland and Silesia
Abstract
W pracy poddano analizie późnośredniowieczne i nowożytne kafle pochodzące z terenu Nowej Marchii. Przedstawiono tło historyczne miejsc odkrycia i kontekst archeologiczny pozyskania zbiorów (pracownie garncarskie, zamki, dawne klasztory i inne). Materiał usystematyzowano w oparciu o wypracowane schematy klasyfikacyjne (podział na kafle naczyniowe i płytowe), z uwzględnieniem kategorii dotąd w nich nie ujmowanych (kafle naczyniowo-płytowe). W obrębie tych typów przeanalizowano morfologię i cechy metryczne, masę ceramiczną, formowanie, wypał, polewanie, zdobnictwo i ślady użytkowania. Poczyniono uwagi dotyczące datowania znalezisk. Następnie przeprowadzono analizę zdobnictwa na kaflach płytowych, z podziałem na okres renesansu (XVI-1 poł. XVII w.) i baroku (2 poł. XVII-XVIII w.). W ramach typów kafli wyróżniono motywy figuralne, roślinne, architektoniczne, heraldyczne, fantastyczne i inne. Specyfiką tej kategorii – poza podstawową, użytkową funkcją – była także rola dekoracyjna, a niekiedy również wymowa ideologiczna. W przypadku kafli renesansowych wiąże się ona głównie z Reformacją. Dla niektórych motywów możliwe było wskazanie pierwowzorów graficznych. Stanowiły je popularne ryciny, często towarzyszące tekstom literackim. Z kolei stylistyka jednej z grup kafli barokowych oparta była na symbolice związanej z władcami i państwem brandenbursko-pruskim.
In this study late medieval and post-medieval stove tiles from the Neumark region are analysed. The historical background as well as the archaeological context of the assemblage is examined (pottery workshops, castles and monasteries etc.). The assemblage was systematically organised using a classification schema (focussed on the division between pot-type and plate-type tiles). Also included in the study are categories that have not previously been analysed (pot-plate tiles). The assemblage was analysed according to morphology, size, material, form, firing, glazing, ornamentation and usage evidence. The dating of the finds is also discussed. Subsequent analysis was carried out of the ornamentation on plate-tiles, focussing on the Renaissance (16th to the first half of the 17th century) and Baroque period (the second half of the 17th to the 18th century). Within the assemblage different motifs can be observed - for example figural, floral, architectural, heraldic, and fantastic. Apart from basic function, the decorative role that the tiles fulfilled is also examined; and where relevant their ideological expression, which in the Renaissance period mostly related to the Reformation. In some instances it was possible to find the graphic origins of the motifs presented within the analysed assemblage. Often, these were present as images in the literature of the time. Interestingly, the imagery used in one of the groups of Baroque tiles was associated with leaders and the Brandenburg-Prussian region.
In this study late medieval and post-medieval stove tiles from the Neumark region are analysed. The historical background as well as the archaeological context of the assemblage is examined (pottery workshops, castles and monasteries etc.). The assemblage was systematically organised using a classification schema (focussed on the division between pot-type and plate-type tiles). Also included in the study are categories that have not previously been analysed (pot-plate tiles). The assemblage was analysed according to morphology, size, material, form, firing, glazing, ornamentation and usage evidence. The dating of the finds is also discussed. Subsequent analysis was carried out of the ornamentation on plate-tiles, focussing on the Renaissance (16th to the first half of the 17th century) and Baroque period (the second half of the 17th to the 18th century). Within the assemblage different motifs can be observed - for example figural, floral, architectural, heraldic, and fantastic. Apart from basic function, the decorative role that the tiles fulfilled is also examined; and where relevant their ideological expression, which in the Renaissance period mostly related to the Reformation. In some instances it was possible to find the graphic origins of the motifs presented within the analysed assemblage. Often, these were present as images in the literature of the time. Interestingly, the imagery used in one of the groups of Baroque tiles was associated with leaders and the Brandenburg-Prussian region.
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Keywords
kafle, stove tiles, Nowa Marchia, Neumark, wytwórczość kaflarska, stove-tile manufacturing, renesans, Renaissance, barok, Baroque