Protektorat polski przy Stolicy Apostolskiej (1503-1589)
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Date
2022
Authors
Hirsch, Michał
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The Polish Protectorate at The Holy See (1503-1589)
Abstract
Protektorat narodowy był formą reprezentowania politycznych interesów władców przy papieżu przez tzw. kardynałów-protektorów z Kurii rzymskiej, opłacanych przez głowy państw. Za początki funkcjonowania tego urzędu uznaje się przełom XV i XVI w., kiedy większość europejskich monarchów opłacało wybranych purpuratów.
Pierwsi kardynałowie pozyskiwani przez polskich królów pojawili się za czasów Jana Olbrachta i Aleksandra Jagiellończyka. Wówczas dyplomacja polska utrzymywała kontakt z kilkoma purpuratami, lecz dopiero były legat na Węgrzech i w Polsce Pietro Isvalies (1505-1513) został pierwszym źródłowo potwierdzonym protektorem Polski. Jego następcą został kolejny exlegat w krajach jagiellońskich Achilles de Grassi (1513-1523). W przypadku dwóch pierwszych protektorów polski władca postawił na znanych sobie purpuratów, byłych wysłanników papieskich, którzy sprzyjali królestwu i byli obeznani z jego sprawami. Przy kolejnych wyborach król Zygmunta stawiał na wpływowych kardynałów należących do najbliższych współpracowników papieża: Lorenzo Pucciego (1523-1531), którego zastąpił później jego bratanek Antonio Pucci (1531-1545). Następnym protektorem został mianowany wnuk papieża Pawła III, kardynał Alessandro Farnese, który przez kolejne 44 lata sprawował pieczę nad polskimi sprawami w Stolicy Apostolskiej. Za czasów jego protektoratu upowszechnił się zwyczaj powoływania tzw. wiceprotektorów, którzy zastępowali go w pełnieniu obowiązków. W czasie protektoratu Farnesego było ich pięciu: Francesco Sfondrati (1545-1550), Bernardino Maffei (1550-1553), Giacomo Puteo (1553-1563) oraz Giacomo Savelli (1562-1587) oraz Enrico Caetani (1588-1589).
The national protectorate was a form of representing the political interests of the rulers at the pope by the so-called cardinals-protectors paid by heads of state. The beginning of the functioning of this office is considered to be the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, when most European monarchs paid selected cardinals. The first cardinals won by Polish kings appeared in the times of Jan Olbracht and Aleksander Jagiellończyk. At that time, Polish diplomacy was in contact with several cardinals, but finally Pietro Isvalies (1505-1513), former legate of Hungary and Poland became the first protector of Poland confirmed in sources. His successor was another exlegate in the Jagiellonian countries, Achilles de Grassi (1513-1523). In the case of the first two protectors the Polish ruler chose the cardinals he knew and, who favored the kingdom and were familiar with its affairs. During the next elections, King Sigismund hired the influential cardinals who were the closest associates of the pope: Lorenzo Pucci (1523-1531), who was later replaced by his nephew Antonio Pucci (1531-1545). The next protector was the grandson of Pope Paul III, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who for the next 44 years was in charge of Polish affairs in the Holy See. During his protectorate, the custom of establishing the so-called vice-protectors who replaced him in the performance of his duties. During the Farnese protectorate, there were five of them: Francesco Sfondrati (1545-1550), Bernardino Maffei (1550-1553), Giacomo Puteo (1553-1563) and Giacomo Savelli (1562-1587) and Enrico Caetano (1588-1589).
The national protectorate was a form of representing the political interests of the rulers at the pope by the so-called cardinals-protectors paid by heads of state. The beginning of the functioning of this office is considered to be the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, when most European monarchs paid selected cardinals. The first cardinals won by Polish kings appeared in the times of Jan Olbracht and Aleksander Jagiellończyk. At that time, Polish diplomacy was in contact with several cardinals, but finally Pietro Isvalies (1505-1513), former legate of Hungary and Poland became the first protector of Poland confirmed in sources. His successor was another exlegate in the Jagiellonian countries, Achilles de Grassi (1513-1523). In the case of the first two protectors the Polish ruler chose the cardinals he knew and, who favored the kingdom and were familiar with its affairs. During the next elections, King Sigismund hired the influential cardinals who were the closest associates of the pope: Lorenzo Pucci (1523-1531), who was later replaced by his nephew Antonio Pucci (1531-1545). The next protector was the grandson of Pope Paul III, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who for the next 44 years was in charge of Polish affairs in the Holy See. During his protectorate, the custom of establishing the so-called vice-protectors who replaced him in the performance of his duties. During the Farnese protectorate, there were five of them: Francesco Sfondrati (1545-1550), Bernardino Maffei (1550-1553), Giacomo Puteo (1553-1563) and Giacomo Savelli (1562-1587) and Enrico Caetano (1588-1589).
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Wydział Historii
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Keywords
Polska, Poland, Stolica Apostolska, Holy See, dyplomacja, diplomacy, protektorat, protectorate, kardynał protektor, cardinal protector