Kośmicki, Eugeniusz2016-12-182016-12-181984Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 46, 1984, z. 1, s. 137-1570035-9629http://hdl.handle.net/10593/16631Negative effects of economic activities on nature are varying to their degrees of intensity: tolerance capacity, ecological crisis, ecological catastrophy. Two stages can be distinguished in case of crisis: in the first one, ability to return to previous state is still existing, in the second one, the state of crisis is permanent, but the ecosystem is protected against break-down by human activities. Ecological catastrophy consists in irreparable degree of damage in nature resulting in deterioration of a given ecosystem. Most of developed and the Third World countries is affected by the ecological crisis. It can be viewed as a result of contradictions between economy, functioning of state economy and principles of ecology. Ecology and economy differ mostly in their time horizon, distinct conditions in the scope of spatial concentration and in distinct methodological assumptions. Recently formed economics of environmental protection and shaping attempts to overcome these contradictions. Ecological problems were always accompaning any development of productive resources. The previous social development of mankind can be described as a cycle of generating and surmounting crises. A man was not able to prevent their generation but could extricate himself thanks to technological innovations, utilizing new natural resources and introducing new production relations. Other alternatives were expansion into new lands, what caused wars, or a decline of civilisation.polinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessArtykuł