Łukaszewski, Marcin2013-10-282013-10-282011Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, nr 1, 2011, s. 133-1561731-7517http://hdl.handle.net/10593/7965Avast majority of democratic constitutions provide for a unipersonal head of state in modern political systems. There are only four democratic states with a collegial head of state in their political system. In the opinion of the article’s author, this form of the principal state organ is determined by historical factors and/or the federal character of the state. The author also points to the fact that this form of state leadership is present in the political systems of autocratic states.kolegialna głowa państwademokracjaSzwajcariaArtykuł