Browsing by Author "Ponsard, Claude"
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Item Czas, przestrzeń i ich struktury formalne(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Ponsard, Claude; Rutkowska, CzesławaConsideration on formal structures of time and space mainly based on humanistic and social sciences is proposed in the study. The first part answers the question whether these formal structures are similar or different. The author supports the opinion that time possesses one formal structure while there are many different formal structures in the case of space. Time has a structure of complete succession by inclusion relation. It is verified not only by mensurable (or chronological) time, but also by structural (or operational) time. On the other hand, space is connected with so differentiated presentation ways, that it produces various configurations. It results from this, that formal structures with which abstract spaces are equiped, together with considered physical and human spaces are numerous and more or less strongly dependent on this whether metric spaces, topological spaces or graphs are concerned. A problem of supplementary nature towards the first one, and namely of comparative properties of time and space, introduced by their adequate formal structures, is discussed in the second part. The discussion concerns four main properties: direction, reversibility, homogeneity and continuity. Time direction is obvious while space direction refers to examination of isotropy properties. Irreversibility of time is visible for its reversibility, which is sustained sometimes, is a false problem. On the other hand, reversibility problem for space depends on symmetry properties, except directed and non-symmetrical graphs (condition of the lack of peripheries). While time is homogeneous, space is once homogeneous and once heterogeneous. Continuity is connected with the nature of time. In the case of space it depends on conditions of accessibility, and continuity notions in empirical meaning and in mathematical meaning are not similar, unless in some particular case. An opinion is underlined in the conclusion, that time is less abundant than space in proper formal structures and comparative properties.Item Teoria grafów i optymalna lokalizacja jednostki produkcyjnej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1971) Ponsard, ClaudeThis model, in comparison to Weber's classical theory is based on few and weak hypotheses but they can be easily and adequately tested. Neither location figures (Standortsfigur) are supposed nor transport area, transport costs proportional to weight and distance, uniform and equal in every place prices of inputs and outputs are postulated in the model. The places for offering the effectively utilized inputs and the places for marketing the effectively used up outputs are no longer data a priori, but they are determined by the model. The environment of the production unit is enriched because passing points and noteworthy places are taken into account. Geographical data are no longer considered to be a distortion of the perfect economic model, but they are formalized and integrated into the theoretical model. The number and location of multiple establishments are determined in the cases in with they should exist. The dimensions of the establishments and their productive capacity are also taken into consideration, but as dependent variables. Besides, the model admits various extensions by means of some extra complications. It is possible to introduce one or more monetary frontiers. To do so it is sufficient to partition the H and H' p-graphs suitably, according to the case, and utilize one or more multipliers equal to the coefficients of change. It is also possible to consider one or several customs frontiers provided that multipliers corresponding to the regulations in each partial subgroup of graphs are introduced. The same holds also in the case of taxes and subventions that would come into question. They will be considered in each partial subgroup, in the H p-graph or the H' p-graph, according to the financial properties represented by their institutions. According to all the rigours the elementary model evidently tolerates those complications provided that the hypothesis of perfect competition is intact, from which their economic neutrality results. The more realistic models issued from the elementary model are exempt from those restrictions. The model presented here, however, remains static. Its dynamization is a question for the future. It has been considered in the quoted case of a model extended to the situation of oligopoly. Lastly this model makes possible the inclusion of classical Weberian theories of location as particular cases because their integration would take for gnanted only a restricted interpretation of the hypotheses and of data as well as a passage from the topological graphs to the metric graphs.