Browsing by Author "Rabska, Teresa"
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Item 85 ROCZNICA POWSTANIA „RUCHU PRAWNICZEGO, EKONOMICZNEGO i SOCJOLOGICZNEGO”(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2006) Rabska, TeresaItem Administracja samorządowa i rządowa (nowy model administracji państwowej?)(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1991) Rabska, TeresaThe conception of local self-government contained in the law of March 8, 1990, refers to the tradition of Polish self-government and yet meets the requirements provided for in the European Local Government Charter. The .atbove makes it possible, on the one hand, to return to the institutions previously known to the Polish law, and, on the other, to compare them with their European counterparts. The re-instatement of self-government has brought back to light the issue of duality of public administration and its division into government and selfgovernment administration. In view of the principle in force in the former political regime namely the principle of „unity of government on the level of a locality, the solution to the problem of duality is far from easy". New legislation creates grounds for a new, structurally diversified model of state administration. At the Województwo level (the highest unit of local organization), there operates a nominated official, Wojewoda, the organ of government administration, whereas at a local level — in gmina — the ,,basic form of organization of public activity" is local self-government. The duality of administration manifests itself in many legislative acts. The most important of them are: the Act on Local Self-Government and the Act on Government Administration; mention should also be made about the Act on division of tasks and powers between various organs representing basically different types of administration, etc. Some issues posed by the model require further amendments. Problems of particular gravity arise in connection with the question of regions as subsidiary units of basic administrative division of the country, created to further the tasks of government administration at a local level, the absence of deep structural reforms at a central government level, the absence of a clear determination of position of government administration vis-a vis self-government, disputable budgetary and financial solutions, etc. All this leads to the conclusion that the legislative conception of duality of state administration is not sufficiently clear. Neverheless, it is beyond doubt that the new structure of administration is presently in its formative period.Item Dyrektor przedsiębiorstwa państwowego w systemie samorządu robotniczego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1961) Rabska, TeresaItem Dyskusja w sprawie wyodrębniania prawa gospodarczego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1993) Bator, Andrzej; Chełmoński, Adam; Gilas, Janusz; Kosikowski, Cezary; Rabska, Teresa; Wasilewski, Andrzej; Włodyka, Stanisław; Żuławska, CzesławaTo the above question, posed to lawyers interested in corporate law, the editors of "Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny" received a number of answers. Though both the substance and the form of answers were very different, they present a very interesting, contemporary characterization of corporate law and the science of corporate law. 1. There seems no doubt that there is a close connection between corporate law and the political and economic system of the state (see in particular: Cz. Żuławska and C. Kosikowski). Despite this dependency (and the resulting correlation between the concept of corporate law and the political and economic system), there is little change as to the theoretical approach to the "nature" of this law and the method of solving this problem. The issue at stake lies not so much in the fact whether corporate law exists, but whether, and to what extent, it constitutes a specialized part of law, and further, whether this part is of a complex character, or whether it can be placed within one traditional branch of law (in favour of the latter view: Cz. Żuławska, against: S. Włodyka), or, finally, whether separate branches of law and/or scientific disciplines (or subdisciplines) should be distinguished, or both separate branches of law and scientific disciplines (thus all other respondents). 2. The most important issue is the argumentation in favour of distinguishing corporate law (A. Bator, A. Chełmoński, S. Włodyka). The existence of this branch of law seems to leave no doubt. However, the reference to the contents of positive law does not allow to answer the issue of distinguishing the said branch of law. The list of legal definitions and notions introduced by particular contemporary legal acts (e.g., "corporate case", "corporate entity", "economic activity", etc.) would not lead to uniform conclusions. The same can be said about the scope of cognition of courts which have jurisdiction to hear corporate cases (Chief Administrative Court, corporate courts, anti-monopoly court). Finally, frequent amendments to legal acts are not in favour of reaching any conclusions in this respect. 3. Against this background, it is maintained that the term "corporate law", with no other qualifications, cannot be a priori considered to be related to private law or both private and public law problems of corporate activity (A. Wasilewski). Besides, treating this branch of law as a specialized part of civil law (Cz. Żuławska) would not allow to encompass the whole sphere of corporate relations. Finally, the existence of specialized parts of administrative and constitutional law fully justifies the presence of the discipline of public corporate law, separate from private law ( T. Rabska, S. Włodyka). 4. No one was not in favour of a concept of the complex discipline. The respondents stressed that the catalogue of "principles of corporate law", elaborated in the past, ceased to exist (Cz. Żuławska). A view prevails that "corporate law" cannot be practiced as one integrated scientific and didactic discipline (A. Chełmoński). One should also refer to legal disciplines distinguished in Western Europe (S. Włodyka). The above fact is also reflected in university curricula in Poland. The justification is simple: specialization is dictated by specific needs of economic activity, requiring a detailed and complex approach and diversified legal solutions. The above opinion is shared also by other authors (Cz. Kosikowski, T. Rabska). However, final concepts presented by the authors are to a great extent determined by legal disciplines they represent. 5. Many respondents stressed that legal norms regulating "economic relations" cannot be regarded as a separate type of legal norms (in particular, A. Bator). Thus, of foremost importance is the subject-matter of regulation. Hence, there appears a basic question, namely whether the subject-matter of corporate law is the regulation by the state of economic relations from the viewpoint of individual rights and interests of corporate entities (C. Kosikowski, T. Rabska, S. Włodyka), or whether the subject-matter of corporate law refers exclusively to civil-law relations between corporate entities, regulated by dispositional legal provisions (Cz. Żuławska). A relatively new trend in Polish law and in the Polish science of law is the concept of public corporate law, the scope of which is wider than, and different from, the traditional administrative corporate law (T. Rabska, C. Kosikowski, S. Włodyka). Its subject-matter would be aimed at the protection of corporate entities, and not at a direct intervention of the state into the economic activity. Such an approach corresponds with the needs of transformation of the economic system of the state and with new aspects of international economic integration (J. Gilas, T. Rabska). Some respondents stressed that economic matters are regulated mostly by means of public-law, rather than civil-law, acts (J. Gilas) and that the most suitable conception of corporate law is the public corporate law (S. Włodyka). 6. The above opinions on corporate law - presented, out of necessity, in a summary and simplified form — do not allow to formulate any more elaborate generalizations as to the branches of law and corresponding legal disciplines. However, those opinions may be considered a very valuable source of reference and a competent introduction to the discussion on the development of the legal system and the science of law. In this sense, the initiative of "Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny" has fully reached its objective.Item Nowe aspekty prawne samorządu załogi przedsiębiorstwa państwowego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Rabska, TeresaA new shape of self-management in State-run enterprises came up for a heated discussion what can indicate the key importance of this question in the shifting policies of management of the national economy. Two bills: the Act of Workers' Self Management in the State Enterprises and the State Enterprises Act were passed in the Seym at the same time. In spite of their formal distinction, these statutes are closely interrelated and in principle they can be neither interpreted nor applied separately. Although of a wide scope, the Self Management Act does not govern all the enterprises and in some instances the provisions of the Act are applied to a various extent. It is mostly a case of the right to appoint a manager of the enterprise. The self management is to be treated as a compulsory institution within a meaning of the law, the obligation to constitute the self management is consequent upon the legal regulation. It has to be a separate organization within a structure of the enterprise, not linked with trade unions and with other social or political organizations. A personnel of the enterprise'is the subject of self management excercising its power (competence) directly on. the staff meetings or indirectly via the worker's council, the body elected by the personnel. The bodies of self-management are recognized as organs of the enterprise along with a director, the one-man professional organ, and they act independently of administrative bodies of the State. The new legislation grants a vast competence to the bodies of the self management to decide of the essential problems of the enterprise (including a resolution of plans). The definite scope of the competence will however remain to become a subject of further regulation of the main spheres of economic activity (planning, financing, taxation and pricing). Operation of the self-management is commited to the care of the Seym. Disputes under functioning of the self-management will in the last resort be resolved in court.Item Nowe formy samorządności w przedsiębiorstwach w Jugosławii(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1974) Rabska, TeresaLe développement de l'autogestion ouvrière dans les entreprises en Yougoslavie passait de différentes phases. Actuellement il se caractérise avant tout par le développement des formes de la gestion directe. A côté des tendances générales à la concentration des processus de l'administration, celle-ci forme un problème particulièrement difficile. Dans la science polonaise les solutions yougoslaves attirent toujours une grande attention parce que certaines institutions juridiques de la gestion de l'économie se formaient de la même façon. Cela concerne particulièrement des conseils de l'autogestion ouvrière. La loi de la constitution et de l'inscription au registre de tribunal de l'organisation du travail unifié du 13 avril 1973 est une base des formes nouvelles de la démocratisation des entreprises. La réorganisation avait lieu quand même déjà plus tôt à partir de 1966 par l'introduction des changements successifs dans la constitution de 1963. Le projet de la nouvelle Constitution dont la promulgation est prévue pour l'année 1974, donne et exprime pleinement les nouvelles tendances. Actuellement „l'Organisation fondamentale du travail unifié" donne la nouvelle forme juridique et structurale de l'autogestion et en même temps l'attitude socio- -politique du système de la Yougoslavie. Les ouvriers et les travailleurs unis dans cette organisation réalisent directement et à la base de l'égalité leurs socio-économiques et autres droits à l'autogestion et ils décident de leur position socio-économique. Le droit de constituer de la principale organisation du travail uni appartient aux travailleurs mêmes. Ils peuvent former cette cellule d'organisation dans chaque partie séparée de l'entreprise qui remplit les conditions précises, et particulièrement quand elle dispose d'une propriété sociale et quand le résultat du travail possède une valeur définie (dans le trafic extérieur ou à l'intérieur de l'entreprise). L'organisation de base du travail uni est dotée d'une personnalité juridique dont l'étendue est définie par une série de dispositions de la constitution, à travers les lois jusqu'aux actes juridiques entrepris par la même organisation. Les plus importants droits de cette organisation sont: le droit à la „autoorganisation", à la gestion des moyens de la reproduction sociale et à la disposition du revenu obtenu. Les organisations de base du travail uni peuvent s'unir et se constituer en entrant dans l'entreprise et dans plus grandes organisations économiques en précisant en même temps leur statut juridique. Cette union dans les unités plus grandes est liée à la transmission des droits du bas en haut des unités particulières à l'unité plus grande, ce qui forme le processus de la concentration à l'échelle inférieure. Toute cette structure est formée à la base des arrêts intérieurs tels que les ententes d'autogestion, les statuts et les règlements. Du point de vue théorique, cela est fait par les actes des types particuliers; ils sont traités comme les actes normatifs formant le droit statutaire sui generis. Dans la gestion, le rôle le plus essentiel est joué par la réunion de tous les travailleurs de l'organisation de base du travail uni, parce qu'elle décide des questions primordiales de l'organisation intérieure et du système de la gestion. Cette réunion établit les problèmes et les programmes de la session où l'on décrète directement les arrêts. Le conseil ouvrier est l'organe d'administration, l'organe collégial est élu par tout équipe. Après la réforme, c'est un seul organe d'administration, les autres qui restent ont un caractère exécutif (dans le projet de la nouvelle Constitution ces organes sont appelés „directeurs"). L'organe exécutif peut se composer d'une seule personne ou être collégial (ou bien tous les deux organes ensemble) et il est nommé par le conseil ouvrier étant responsable devant lui. L'organe exécutif est responsable, conformément à la loi, aussi devant la communauté sociale territoriale pour la légalité de l'action et pour la réalisation des obligations et des devoirs de l'organisation de base. Dans l'entreprise formée en général par le groupement des organisations de base unies du travail uni, on nomme les mêmes organes pour l'entreprise toute entière en y assurant l'influence et la participation des organisations de base et en fixant d'une manière convenable la répartition du travail.Item Pozycja samorządu terytorialnego w Konstytucji(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1995) Rabska, TeresaThe strengthening of democratic forms and the deepening of decentralisation processes is a challenging task for the present administration. If these new principles are to harden and stay, however, a reconstruction of the existing administration system must be carried out. On a closer examination of the progress which has been made so far in the work on the new Polish constitution, we are left with an impression that these problems are not yet fully and adequately recognised. What is still missing is a general concept of how the public administration should function and how it should be prepared to realise new tasks which now lie before the State and must be dealt with in a totally new economic environment. A self-governing body of territorial administration constitutes an integral part of public administration. Therefore, its position largely depends on the model ofthat administration. There are two main aspects which play a particularly important role in territorial self-government. They are: the nature of legal subjectivity and the level of decentralisation. Those two 'pillars' of the legal construction require a special explanation. The issue is that the self-government organ must be recognised as a legal entity and assume a legal and public status, whereas the formulas of decentralisation must also absorb the principle of subsidiaries and provide for a level which will be 'the closest ever to the citizen'. These principles are sourced in the European Law and the European Chart of Territorial Self-Government and as such should be obeyed and recognised in administrative structures. These contents should also be reflected in the provisions of the new constitution. What follows from there is a need to expand the self-governing territorial organ and move it to higher levels of administrative division of the state, as well as to extend its participation in the public control function. In this way, a complete system of self-governing organs, operating at different levels would be created. As a result, a need to regulate the interrelations between those organs would arise. Another problem which appears immediately here, is the appointment of a nationwide representation of territorial self-governments. The work which is currently in progress and focused on the drafting of the new constitution of the Republic of Poland offers a real and true chance to define the political system of the whole administration in the country including the self-governing organs. If this chance is missed, there may be a serious delay in the process of system transformations.Item Problematyka wydawania decyzji gospodarczych „wewnętrznych"(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Rabska, TeresaDans le domaine des rapports économiques, s'est distingué un groupe spécifique d'activité juridique intervenant entre les différents sujets de l'appareil national situés à différents échelons (Ministère — Union — entreprise) puisque ces sujets sont liés entre eux d'une facon durable, on peut parler d'un certain genre de relations intérieures. Cette subordination cependant est d'un genre particulier, car elle s'appuie sur le principe de décentralisation, et les différents sujets (à l'exception du ministère) possèdent une individualité juridique. Les relations juridiques dans le cadre de ce système sont régies en fonction des actes administratifs, c'est à dire par des décisions individuelles et arbitraires. Ces actes que l'on peut appeler les actes économiques, possèdent une série de charactéristiques particulières. Les cercle des sujets autorisés à leur émission s'élargit: ils ne proviennent pas seulement des organes administratifs, mais également des coopératives et des entreprises nationales. Cependant ce qui est particulièrement charactéristique, c'est la la question des critères de leur émission. En fonction des règlements en vigueur, on peut parler d'une double base: juridique et économique, considérée toujours comme un tout, se complétant et non pas se contredisant. Ces actes doivent s'appuyer sur un règlement judiciaire (principe de légalité), bien que l'autorisation à leur émission peut être interprétée différemment (fondement net — norme générale compétente). Toutefois auprès de l'élément juridique, les critères économiques — estimation des effets que la décision peut entraîner, tiennent une place parallèle. Car les règlements judiciaires ont entraîné l'obligation d'établir une récapitulation économique avant d'intenter une entreprise économique de quelque genre que ce soit. Une décision économique peut donc être émise uniquement en fonction du droit en vigueur et d'un compte économique défini. En conséquence de cette différenciation des fondements, apparaît un nouveau problème, celui de la durabilité des décisions économiques. Car on peut admettre qu'un acte sera ébranlé non seulement par suite de la violation des règlements judiciaires, mais également quand il ne sera pas compatible avec l'intérêt économique, pour autant bien entendu que les règlements prévoient cela. Les actes dont il est question ici ne sont pas concernés par les règlements contenus dans le code administratif à cause de l'objet spécifique de règlement et des destinataires de ces actes (différents critères de „l'élément procédural") Il y a un manque de règlements généraux qui régleraient l'émission de tous les actes économiques „intérieurs". En contrepartie, ce qui est charactéristique aujourd'hui, c'est la croissance des divers secteurs de la procédure. Le développement va avant tout vers l'assurance d'une large coopération du destinataire lors de l'établissement du contenu de la décision (par ex. donner son avis sur les projets de plans, les projets d'index, présenter les matériaux nécessaires). De plus les règlements introduisent des moyens juridiques particuliers que l'on pourrait comparer à des révocations. On prévoit un cours différent de la procédure dans le cas de l'émission d'une motion par le comité ouvrier. La procedure accompagnant la formation de relations économiques est peu formalisée. Son but est avant tout d'assurer les limites nécessaires de l'autonomie des divers sujets et une certaine stabilisation des relations juridiques. Cet accroissement systématique de la procédure en tant qu'institution conduit sans aucun doute à l'établissement d'une nouvelle procédure et peut constituer le début de l'élaboration dans le futur d'un code économiqueItem Refleksje na temat układu przestrzennego administracji publicznej i jego konsekwencji w zakresie administrowania(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1992) Rabska, TeresaThe science of administrative law has not yet elaborated the concept of region or regionalization. From the perspective of t h a t science, the problem is reduced to t h e territorial division of t h e state, which division determines the spatial range of activities of public administration, governmental as well as local. On the other hand, creating a territorial network, subordinated to the needs of administration and being of formal character, is always a form of interference in a given environment. Such an action brings about further effects, both legal and factual. In consequence, it may either create better conditions for development, or destroy the existing structures. The changes in the administrative structure of t h e state have been implemented only at the oasic level, i.e., at the level of a commune. However, the introduction of local government has not changed the existing structures. Presently, changes should be introduced at the level of governmental administration. The starting point for such changes should be the determination of a new character and a new division of tasks.Item Refleksje nad ustrojem – państwo obywatelskie czy partyjne?(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2016) Rabska, TeresaItem Rozwój prawnych form zarządzania robotniczego w przedsiębiorstwach państwowych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Rabska, TeresaItem Samorząd terytorialny w strukturze aparatu państwa (perspektywy przebudowy administracji lokalnej)(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1993) Rabska, TeresaThe reconstruction of public administration is one of the most important structural tasks. Decentralization through Self- government is the most advanced form of the enforcement of public administration. However, it is not a sufficient reorganization undertaking. For decentralization to be efficiently implemented, certain general conditions should be met. One of them is a deep reconstruction of t he central government administration, which in its present form is not correlated with a new political structure of the State, its new tasks and with a new position of Government (as set forth in the Constitutional Act of 17 October 1992). Besides, there exists a need to provide for a smooth course of, and correlation between, the making of politics by the Government and the functioning of the administrative apparatus. In such a context, a new conception of creating districts (powiaty) as a new unit of territorial division and self-governmental authority seems premature. It needs to be added that the position of a district in the draft Law is not unequivocal. In particular, it is not clear to what extent the district bodies are to represent the district community, and to what extent they will only be the executors of certain tasks set forth in the Law.Item ZADANIA ADMINISTRACJI PUBLICZNEJ W DZIAŁALNOŚCI GOSPODARCZEJ (PROBLEM ZAKRESU OBOWIĄZYWANIA PRAWA DZIAŁALNOŚCI GOSPODARCZEJ)(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2002) Rabska, TeresaArticle one of the Business Activity Law Act stipulates that the Act regulates not only „principles of undertaking and conducting business activity” but also „tasks of government administration bodies and local governments in the area of business activity”. This stipulation broadens the traditional object of material law acts that aim at defining the right of individual business entities to conduct a business activity, which used to be the case in both Polish and foreign legislation. The only exception is the Spanish Industry Act of 1992, which broadly regulates the tasks of public administration in the economy. The sole idea of regulating in the same act also the tasks of the administration resulted from the lack of appropriate regulations on this issue. The idea should be appraised from this perspective, and it was expressed in the separate chapter 8 devoted solely to the obligations of the administration. The legislator’s intention was also to emphasise the change in the State’s obligations toward entrepreneurs. The process of task decentralisation in the economy and the role of local governments was taken into account. Especially characteristic in this respect are general tasks accounted as „promoting business activity.” These commendable intentions, however, have not yet found a full expression in concrete legal regulations. Tasks expressed in general terms, addressed jointly to governing administrations and local governments could not have a real influence upon business activity. In addition, they were not harmonised with competence provisions in other acts, which in effect limits their enforcement. Only the controlling functions of communes to ensure law obedience by entrepreneurs were unambiguously ascribed to mayors and heads of rural communes and municipalities. However, also these regulations evoke protests on the grounds of their limited precision. Also other legal acts are burdened with these and other faults. In the light of the Business Activity Law Act and the current state of affairs one can see more and more distinctly the need to order and harmonise the whole legislation concerning economic administration system and its tasks in a market economy. This should in consequence limit the process of centralisation and economic function concentration, as well as improve administration capacity to effectively perform its functions in concordance with the law.Item Zagadnienie rad robotniczych i zarządzania robotniczego w jugosławii(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Rabska, Teresa