Browsing by Author "Roszka, Wojciech"
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Item Academic vs. biological age in research on academic careers: a large-scale study with implications for scientifically developing systems(2022-04) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechBiological age is an important sociodemographic factor in studies on academic careers (research productivity, scholarly impact, and collaboration patterns). It is assumed that the academic age, or the time elapsed from the first publication, is a good proxy for biological age. In this study, we analyze the limitations of the proxy in academic career studies, using as an example the entire population of Polish academic scientists and scholars visible in the last decade in global science and holding at least a PhD (N = 20,569). The proxy works well for science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) disciplines; however, for non-STEMM disciplines (particularly for humanities and social sciences), it has a dramatically worse performance. This negative conclusion is particularly important for systems that have only recently visible in global academic journals. The micro-level data suggest a delayed participation of social scientists and humanists in global science networks, with practical implications for predicting biological age from academic age. We calculate correlation coefficients, present contingency analysis of academic career stages with academic positions and age groups, and create a linear multivariate regression model. Our research suggests that in scientifically developing countries, academic age as a proxy for biological age should be used more cautiously than in advanced countries: ideally, it should be used only for STEMM disciplines.Item Are female scientists less inclined to publish alone? The gender solo research gap(2022) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechIn solo research, scientists compete individually for prestige, sending clear signals about their research ability, avoiding problems in credit allocation, and reducing conflicts about authorship. We examine to what extent male and female scientists differ in their use of solo publishing across various dimensions. This research is the first to comprehensively study the “gender solo research gap” among all internationally visible scientists within a whole national higher education system. We examine the gap through mean “individual solo publishing rates” found in “individual publication portfolios” constructed for each Polish university professor. We use the practical significance/statistical significance difference (based on the effect-size r coefficient) and our analyses indicate that while some gender differences are statistically significant, they have no practical significance. Using a partial effects of fractional logistic regression approach, we estimate the probability of conducting solo research. In none of the models does gender explain the variability of the individual solo publishing rate. The strongest predictor of individual solo publishing rate is the average team size, publishing in STEM fields negatively affects the rate, publishing in male-dominated disciplines positively affects it, and the influence of international collaboration is negative. The gender solo research gap in Poland is much weaker than expected: within a more general trend toward team research and international research, gender differences in solo research are much weaker and less relevant than initially assumed. We use our unique biographical, administrative, publication, and citation database (“Polish Science Observatory”) with metadata on all Polish scientists present in Scopus (N = 25,463) and their 158,743 Scopus-indexed articles published in 2009–2018, including 18,900 solo articles.Item Dlaczego w nauce dominuje współpraca z mężczyznami: homofilia ze względu na płeć na przykładzie 25 000 naukowców(2021) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechZgodnie z zasadą homofilii, „podobieństwo rodzi związki”; co za tym idzie, sieci powiązań osobistych są homogeniczne w odniesieniu do wielu cech socjodemograficznych i indywidualnych (takich jak wiek, pochodzenie etniczne, pochodzenie klasowe, poziom zamożności, poziom wykształcenia czy płeć). Ponieważ nauka w coraz większym stopniu opiera się dzisiaj na współpracy, zasada homofilii może wywierać coraz silniejszy wpływ na karierę akademicką. Coraz większe znaczenie ma, z jaką intensywnością współpracujemy w nauce – i z kim współpracujemy. Współpraca w nauce (a dokładniej wzorce współautorstwa ze względu na płeć) stanowi podatny grunt do przetestowania zasady homofilii. Wzorce współpracy badawczej mężczyzn i kobiet naukowców są konfrontowane w tym artykule za pomocą sześciu zmiennych: wiek biologiczny, stopnie i tytuł naukowy, dyscyplina akademicka, typ współpracy badawczej definiowany przez płeć naukowca, prestiż czasopism i typ instytucji zatrudniającej. Jednostką analizy jest indywidualny naukowiec, a nie pojedynczy artykuł. Kluczowym krokiem metodologicznym jest określenie tego, co nazwaliśmy „indywidualnym portfelem publikacyjnym” (zdefiniowanym dla dekady 2009-2018) dla każdego polskiego naukowca widocznego na arenie międzynarodowej (N = 25 463 naukowców akademickich) z 85 uczelni, zgrupowanych w 27 dyscyplinach, wraz z ich 164 908 krajowymi i międzynarodowymi współautorami, którzy razem napisali 158 743 artykułów indeksowanych przez bazę Scopus. Indywidualny portfel publikacyjny odzwierciedla rozkład zdefiniowanych przez płeć typów współpracy naukowej (współpraca między osobami tej samej płci versus współpraca mieszana) dla każdego naukowca. Punktem wyjścia pracy jest założenie, że powstawanie zespołów w środowisku akademickim, rozumiane jako publikowanie ze współautorami w różnej liczbie i o różnej płci, jest dobrowolne: naukowcy współpracują ze sobą wtedy, gdy uważają, że współpraca jest dla nich lepsza niż publikowanie samodzielne. Utworzone zespoły lub opublikowane artykuły mogą odzwierciedlać „indywidualne upodobania i postrzeganie zwrotu z inwestycji we współpracę, a także koszty koordynacji” (Boschini & Sjögren, 2007, s. 327). Analizujemy tutaj wskaźnik homofilii (czyli wskaźnik współpracy z osobami tej samej płci) na poziomie indywidualnym każdego polskiego naukowca i uogólniamy wyniki z poziomu indywidualnego do poziomu polskiego systemu szkolnictwa wyższego.Item Gender Disparities in International Research Collaboration: A Study of 25,000 University Professors(2020) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechIn this large-scale research based on bibliometric, biographical and administrative data, we examine how gender disparities in international research collaboration differ by collaboration intensity, academic position, age, and academic discipline. The following are the major findings: (1) While female scientists exhibit a higher rate of general, national, and institutional collaboration, male scientists exhibit a higher rate of international collaboration, a finding critically important in explaining gender disparities in impact, productivity, and access to large grants. (2) An aggregated picture of gender disparities hides a more nuanced cross-disciplinary picture of them. (3) An analysis of international research collaboration at three separate intensity levels (low, medium, and high) reveals that male scientists dominate in international collaboration at each level. However, at each level, there are specific disciplines in which females collaborate more than males. Furthermore (4), gender disparities in international research collaboration are clearly linked with age: they are the lowest and statistically insignificant for young scientists and the highest and statistically significant for the oldest scientists. Finally, we estimate the odds ratios of being involved in international research collaboration using an analytical linear logistic model. The examined sample includes 25,463 internationally productive Polish university professors from 85 universities, grouped into 24 disciplines, and 158,743 Scopus-indexed articles.Item Gender-Based Homophily in Research: A Large-Scale Study of Man-Woman Collaboration(2021) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechWe examined the male-female collaboration practices of all internationally visible Polish university professors (N = 25,463) based on their Scopus-indexed publications from 2009–2018 (158,743 journal articles). We merged a national registry of 99,935 scientists (with full administrative and biographical data) with the Scopus publication database, using probabilistic and deterministic record linkage. Our unique biographical, administrative, publication, and citation database (“The Polish Science Observatory”) included all professors with at least a doctoral degree employed in 85 research-involved universities. We determined what we term an “individual publication portfolio” for every professor, and we examined the respective impacts of biological age, academic position, academic discipline, average journal prestige, and type of institution on the same-sex collaboration ratio. The gender homophily principle (publishing predominantly with scientists of the same sex) was found to apply to male scientists—but not to females. The majority of male scientists collaborate solely with males; most female scientists, in contrast, do not collaborate with females at all. Across all age groups studied, all-female collaboration is marginal, while all-male collaboration is pervasive. Gender homophily in research-intensive institutions proved stronger for males than for females. Finally, we used a multi-dimensional fractional logit regression model to estimate the impact of gender and other individual-level and institutional-level independent variables on gender homophily in research collaboration.Item Globalny obieg naukowy a wiek w nauce: analiza 20 000 polskich naukowców(2022-06) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechIn this text, we analyze the limitations of using academic age as a proxy for biological age in the whole national science system, for which we consider both biological age and academic age of all researchers from all Polish universities, holding at least a PhD degree and participating in global academic science through international publications (N = 20 569). An approximation of a researcher's functioning in global science is having at least one publication indexed in the Scopus database in the analyzed decade 2009-2018. Thus, using the example of comprehensive data from the entire national system of science, we estimate the extent of limitations of using academic age as a proxy for biological age depending on selected independent variables and analyze both the practical and methodological implications of using academic age in academic career research, which is one of the most important components of quantitative studies of science.