Browsing by Author "Rutkowska, Hanna"
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Item Evidence for morphological restructuring in the second person pronoun in early English correspondence(Adam Mickiewicz University, 2007) Rutkowska, HannaThe focus of this article is morphosyntactic. Its aim is to provide evidence for a particular type of syntactic reanalysis which is likely to have contributed to the establishment of you as a universal form of the second person pronoun in both subject and oblique positions. The issue of the developments in the paradigm of the second person pronoun in Early and Late Modern English has received much coverage in the recent decades. The focus of previous works has been mainly on external, socio-pragmatic factors (Brown and Gilman 1972; Wales 1983; Hope 1993). Among internal factors, phonological ones were emphasised (Graband 1965; Strang 1970; Görlach 1978; Barber 1997). To date, few linguists have paid attention to morphosyntactic causes of the changes. In particular, impersonal constructions, involving such verbs as LIKE and PLEASE, have been recognised as the environment conducive to the reanalysis of the second person forms (van der Gaaf 1904; Lutz 1998). This article will discuss structures of a different type, i.e. those containing verbs such as PRAY and BESEECH. My analysis will show that the confusion between the imperative and subjunctive moods, frequent in those constructions, is a plausible explanation for the weakening of the case distinction and the spread of the you form to the subject position in the sentence. Such grammatical constructions are particularly common in early English personal correspondence. Therefore, the following analysis is based on a database of epistolary documents, including the letters of Paston, Plumpton, Stonor and Cely families.Item Evidence for morphological restructuring in the second person pronoun in early English correspondence(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2007) Rutkowska, HannaThe focus of this article is morphosyntactic. Its aim is to provide evidence for a particular type of syntactic reanalysis which is likely to have contributed to the establishment of you as a universal form of the second person pronoun in both subject and oblique positions. The paper discusses structures containing verbs such as PRAY and BESEECH. My analysis shows that the confusion between the imperative and subjunctive moods, frequent in these constructions, is a plausible explanation for the weakening of the case distinction and the spread of the you form to the subject position in the sentence.Item Orthographic regularization in Early Modern English: Grapheme distribution and vowel length indication(De Gruyter Open, 2016-10) Rutkowska, HannaThe present study is an attempt at assessing the level of consistency in the orthographic systems of selected sixteenth and seventeenth-century printers and at tracing the influence that normative writings could have potentially exerted on them. The approach taken here draws upon the philological tradition of examining and comparing several texts written in the same language, but produced at different times. The study discusses the orthography of the editions of The Schoole of Vertue, a manual of good conduct for children, published between 1557 and 1687. The orthographic variables taken into account fall into two criteria: the distribution and functional load of the selected graphemes and the indication of vowel length.Item Orthography in the Cely Letters(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2001) Rutkowska, HannaThis paper discusses a few important issues concerning the orthography of the Cely letters, including orthographic variation, homography, and problems resulting from the necessity to rely on the edited version of the documents. The level of orthographic standardisation in the corpus is low. It is indicated by the high degree of homography and considerable differences among the authors with regard to orthographic variants used in their letters.Item Ortography in the Cely letters(Adam Mickiewicz University, 2001) Rutkowska, HannaItem Pronouns in the Cely Letters(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 1999) Rutkowska, HannaThis paper is a pilot study which makes part of my doctoral project. The paper aims at outlining the pronominal system in selected letters of the Cely family. The main aim of the analysis is the identification of specific morphological categories in the pronominal system in the letters under consideration. Due attention is also paid to the orthographic variants of all the pronouns identified in the corpus.Item Pronouns in the Cely letters(Adam Mickiewicz University, 1999) Rutkowska, HannaItem Selected orthographic features in English editions of the Book of good maners (1487-1507)(Sociedad Espanola de Lengua y Literatura Inglesa Medieval, 2005) Rutkowska, HannaIn this paper I discuss the results of my research on the orthography in selected late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century books printed in English. I compare the spelling systems of three printers: William Caxton, Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde as apparent in several editions of Caxton’s translation of Le livre de bonnes moeurs, published in 1487 as the Book of good maners.Item Stylistic devices in "The Schoole of Vertue", an Early Modern manual of good conduct for children(Adam Mickiewicz University, 2016) Rutkowska, HannaThis paper is a case study examining the choice and interaction of stylistic devices employed in The Schoole of Vertue, Francis Segar and Robert Crowley’s manual of good manners for children issued between 1582 and 1687. It was designed to convince its readers that particular patterns of behaviour were socially beneficial and worth following. In order to enhance the attractiveness, persuasiveness, and mnemonic qualities of the text, several stylistic devices are employed in the manual, including, for example, rhymes, acronyms, as well as binomials. It is generally agreed that repetitive patterns (especially binomials) are typical of formal registers, and particularly plentiful in legal and literary texts in Early Modern English, but the present study shows that similar rhetorical devices were also readily employed in the less formal and elevated style of manuals of good behaviour. Another rhetorical device frequently used in the manual under consideration consists in addressing the reader directly with the second person singular pronoun, especially in imperative constructions, thus creating an ambiance of emotional closeness, characterising the relationship between the master and the pupil.Item Towards a more analytic expression of grammatical relationships: The use of prepositions and adverbs in Early English correspondence(Adam Mickiewicz University, 2002) Rutkowska, HannaItem Towards a more analytic expression of grammatical relationships: The use of prepositions and adverbs in early English correspondence(Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2002) Rutkowska, HannaThe focus of my paper is syntactic. It analyses different functions and positions of uninflected words, more precisely prepositions and adverbs, in the fifteenth-century correspondence. The Cely Letters (1472-88) constitute the basis for the analysis, but some examples are also drawn from the letters of the Paston and Plumpton families.Item Towards regularisation: Morphological spelling in several editions of the "Kalender of Shepherdes"(Adam Mickiewicz University, 2013) Rutkowska, HannaThis corpus-based study focuses on the graphemic realisations of several derivational suffixes in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes, an early modern almanac published between 1506 and 1656. Morphological spelling, that is, the consistent representation of particular morphemes, is considered to be one of the most important criteria in research on the orthographic standardisation in English. The analysis of the graphomorphemic information available in the documents under consideration indicates that particular printing houses applied different combinations of spelling rules with regard to the variants of suffixes and were characterised by varying levels of consistency in the use of these graphemic representations. The new spelling variants of the suffixes were adopted partly as the printers’ own regularisation policy, and partly under the influence of normative writings.Item Towards regularisation: Morphological spelling in several editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes(2013-12-02) Rutkowska, HannaThis corpus-based study focuses on the graphemic realisations of several derivational suffixes in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes, an early modern almanac published between 1506 and 1656. Morphological spelling, that is, the consistent representation of particular morphemes, is considered to be one of the most important criteria in research on the orthographic standardisation in English. The analysis of the graphomorphemic information available in the documents under consideration indicates that particular printing houses applied different combinations of spelling rules with regard to the variants of suffixes and were characterised by varying levels of consistency in the use of these graphemic representations. The new spelling variants of the suffixes were adopted partly as the printers’ own regularisation policy, and partly under the influence of normative writings.