Browsing by Author "Rynarzewski, Tomasz"
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Item CŁO WYCHOWAWCZE I CŁO OPTYMALNE W TEORII I PRAKTYCE POLITYKI HANDLU MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2003) Rynarzewski, TomaszCustoms duties imposed for retaliation or for the protection of growing businesses are among the strongest arguments in favour of protectionism in the theory of international trade policy. The author attempts to carry out a synthetic analysis of their theoretical constructions and the possible practical applications. The assessment is based upon the influence of the application of both instruments on domestic and global prosperity. The author arrives at the conclusion that customs duties have a theoretically positive influence on both domestic and global well-being (duties imposed for the protection of growing businesses) or solely domestic prosperity (optimal customs). The correctness of these conclusions is however heavily limited in the practical application of the two instruments, which impede the accepted economic goals.Item Dylematy polityki polskiego handlu zagranicznego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1996) Rynarzewski, TomaszDuring recent transformations of Polish economy the foreign trade is supposed to answer a purpose of acting in favour of acceleration and lowering the costs of development. The diagnosis of the situation indicates a series of disquieting phenomenons such as disbalancing of commercial balance, lowering in export profitability, unfavourable wares structure in foreign exchange and high indebtedness abroad. Hence the tasks for Polish foreign trade policy must focus on the need of rising the competitiveness of export and diminishing import share in the volume of trade. The above task is feasible within the framework of strategy aimed at accelerated development of export and mild reduction of import. In the case of protection policy the point is to determine the scope of the protection and to make a choice of protective means for home market. Lack of perfection in functioning of market mechanisms in present Polish economy justifies today mild kind of protection policy with additionally some rigour builtin the whole of the system. Less efficiency in traditional protective means (custom duties, rates of exchange) suggests appealing to other more selective means (anti-dumping and anti-subventionning procedures, agreements and standards relating to goods quality as well as restructural clause). As far as rates of exchange policy is concerned the basic dilemma is the choice of the kind of the rate. Functional reorientation of the rate of exchange is justified because of disbalanced commercial balance: the range of oscillation should be enlarged and steady monthly devaluation - eliminated; the result should be more importance of reaction on external balance. Main conclusion is the constatation of the need for elaboration of long-term policy in Polish foreign trade - including clearly defined tasks and means to realize them. This shall permit to get optimal the process of solving the dilemmas emerging with more intensity during transformation of the economy.Item PRZEGLĄD PIŚMIENNICTWA(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2002) Rynarzewski, TomaszAdam Budnikowski, Międzynarodowe stosunki gospodarcze, Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa 2001, ss. 419.Item Przemiany w polityce socjalnej w Republice Federalnej Niemiec(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1978) Zerche, Jürgen; Rynarzewski, TomaszThe author tries to show basic transformations which have taken place within the period of 30 years of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the introductory part the author underlines fundamental provisions in the sphere of social policy included in the Constitution of the FRG, and then he tries to determine practical importance of social achievements. The changes are explained by such quantitative indicators like: sizes of pensions, sizes of nominal and real wages, total size of social services, unemployment benefits and so on. Along with many positive changes the author shows also weak points (shadows) of the social policy in the FRG. The shortcoming financial means for pensions and legal social insurance are reckoned among them. The author represents the opinion that the hitherto existing system of social ensuring old people as well as homeless people and ethnic minorities is far from the optimum. The author regards further reform of the social system leading to creation of a coherent concept of social policy is indispensable. According to the author this concept should be based on rationalistic and democratic-socialistic principles.Item Warianty perspektywicznej strategii cenowej krajów naftowych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Rynarzewski, TomaszPerspectives of the world oil market areclosely related to the possible tendencies of price ruling of that natural resource. To describe it, the author constructs a system considering all the main elements subject to changes in time, which are essentially related to the ruling of oil prices. Pricing strategies of the oil states are adopted as the initial variable. Its variants can be specified on the grounds of the formulated subsystems of independent and dependent variables. The first of subsystems comprises features relatively unchanged over time and common for all the states-producers of oil. The maeroeconomic target of the oil states economies is considered here as well as the long-run target in their export sectors and stimulating functions of price variables. This subsystem is supplemented by the conditions limiting free price-ruling within the framework of certain stimulating functions. The second subsystem considères the effect of three categories of determinants: internal (relations of export incomes to expenditures of the oil states, acquired level of productive forces in those states, conditions for realization of the accelerated economic development, freedom to „manipulate" resources), external ones (relation of demand to oil supply) and correcting (quality of oil, transport distance, extra economic factors, the volume of demand aparat of main oil importers). They constitute proper criteria of variating procedure. Defining the probability of appearance of one of the presented variants in practice and its effect on the level of oil prices requires a permanent observation of changes in the respective analysed factors and taking account of them. And that is the premise adopted by the author of the article.Item Wpływ strategü cenowych wielkich korporacji i krajów OPEC na powstanie kryzysu naftowego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Rynarzewski, TomaszThe author analyses a role of price strategies of the world oil market monopolists in a developement of the energy crisis. A distinction between primary and direct reasons of that crisis can be made upon the analysis of evolution, of stimulants of those strategies in the post-war period. The first ones are related to the directions of a long term effect of price strategies of the Oil cartel corporation upon a principle of profit maximization. The others are resulting from the increasing effectiveness of price variable stimulant realization in the producer States. A connection between those two groups of causes is manifested in the generation of structural conditions in the demand and supply sphere of the oil market by means of the corporation price strategies. They facilitated the increase of effectiveness of the OPEC States price strategy effects. Favorable short run conditions in the beginning of the seventies visualized the particular effect of that relation i.e. high increase in the oil prices. The origin and the substance of the recent oil crisis lay in the effects of the above relations.