Browsing by Author "Szwed, Anita"
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Item A review of anthropological approaches to ageing(Polskie Towarzystwo Antropologiczne, 1997) Kaczmarek, Maria; Szwed, AnitaIt is evident that the pattern of ageing among humans has a unique character. Therefore, when undertaking any research on human ageing one has to specify a proper methodology and methods which are available in the anthropological perspective. The paper is aimed at providing a review of anthropological approaches to the study of ageing. On the basis of the meaning and scope of the concept of ageing, its sources and causal factors are discussed. Further, functional, physiological and morphological indicators of ageing are briefly described. Much attention is focused on the concept of biological age which is the key notion for assessment of variation in the rates of human ageing.Item Age at menopause and reproductive determinants in Polish women(Polskie Towarzystwo Antropologiczne, 2001) Kaczmarek, Maria; Szwed, AnitaSelected reproductive determinants of age at menopause were analyzed using data from a representative sample of 4354 women aged 35-65 years. The data were collected in cross-sectional surveys carried out in Wielkopolska and Western part of Poland in the years 1998 to 2001. Menopausal status and median and mean ages at menopause were estimated with the use of retrospective and status-quo methods. It was found that the median age at natural menopause, estimated by probit analysis, was 50.1 years. Women, who had been treated with HRT (Hormonal Replacement Therapy) in the period perimenopause, underwent manopause significantly later - their median age at menopause was 52.9 years. Results of ANOVA revealed that of all characteristic of female reproduction taken into consideration, age at menarche and lenght of menstruation cycle had significant influence on age at menopause. Menopause occurred markedly later in women who began to menstruate after 15 years of age and whose menstrual cycles lasted longer than 32 days. Reproductive determinants were considered as a complex factor. Stepwise multiple regression analysis with backward elimination revealed that the reproductive determinants including the lenght of menstruation cycle, age at menarhe, age at first and last pregnancies and lenght of lactation in combination affected age at menopause.