Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec nieregularnej imigracji
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Date
2020
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Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM
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European Union Policy Towards Irregular Immigration
Abstract
Zapobieganie i zwalczanie nieregularnej imigracji było jednym z zasadniczych celów unijnej polityki imigracyjnej, od uzyskania przez UE kompetencji w tej dziedzinie. I chociaż na gruncie tej polityki imigracja nieregularna definiowana jest szeroko i obejmuje zjawiska dotyczące nielegalnego wjazdu, tranzytu oraz pobytu imigrantów w państwach członkowskich, UE zdecydowanie skoncentrowała swoje wysiłki na eliminowaniu nielegalnego wjazdu. W tym celu podejmowano działania w obszarach bezpośrednio z tym związanych, jak zwalczanie przemytu i walka z handlem ludźmi, a także takich, które stopniowo wykształciły własną logikę polityk szczegółowych jak: zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi, polityka wizowa czy polityka azylowa. Oznaczało to, że od początku aktywność UE wobec imigracji nieregularnej była rozproszona i stanowiła elementy kilku szczegółowych polityk, strategii i planów działania. Kryzys migracyjny lat 2015–2016 jedynie nieznacznie zweryfikował unijne podejście do nieregularnej imigracji. Priorytetem nadal pozostało eliminowanie nieregularnego wjazdu poprzez walkę z przemytem (prowadzoną środkami kontroli granic zewnętrznych z wykorzystaniem nawet instrumentów polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony), przy wzmocnieniu wysiłków na rzecz drugiego celu, jakim stało się zwiększenie realizacji powrotów imigrantów, którzy nie uzyskali zgody na pobyt w państwach członkowskich. Ponadto, unijna uwaga w większym stopniu została też zwrócona w kierunku eliminowania pierwotnych przyczyn nieregularnej imigracji. W tym zakresie UE postawiła przede wszystkim na różne instrumenty polityki zewnętrznej, by współpracować z krajami pochodzenia i tranzytu imigrantów.
Preventing and combating irregular immigration has been one of the key objectives of EU immigration policy since the EU gained competence in this field. Although irregular immigra¬tion is broadly defined in this policy and covers the phenomenon of illegal entry, transit and residence of immigrants in Member States, the EU has focused its efforts on eliminating illegal entry. To achieve this, actions were taken in areas directly related to it, such as combating mi-grant smuggling and the fight against trafficking in human beings, as well as those that gradu¬ ally developed their own logic of specific policies such as: management of external borders, visa or asylum. This meant that from the very beginning, EU activity against illegal immigration was scattered and was a part of several specific policies, strategies and action plans. The migration crisis in 2015–2016 only slightly verified the EU approach to irregular immigration. The elimination of illegal entry by combating smuggling (carried out by means of external border controls and even security and defence policy instruments) remained a priority, complemented by strengthening efforts for the second objective, which was to increase the return of immigrants who were not allowed to stay in member countries. Additionally, EU attention has been turned more towards eliminating the root causes of irregular immigration. In this respect, the EU has focused primarily on various external policy instruments to cooperate with the countries of origin and transit of immigrants.
Preventing and combating irregular immigration has been one of the key objectives of EU immigration policy since the EU gained competence in this field. Although irregular immigra¬tion is broadly defined in this policy and covers the phenomenon of illegal entry, transit and residence of immigrants in Member States, the EU has focused its efforts on eliminating illegal entry. To achieve this, actions were taken in areas directly related to it, such as combating mi-grant smuggling and the fight against trafficking in human beings, as well as those that gradu¬ ally developed their own logic of specific policies such as: management of external borders, visa or asylum. This meant that from the very beginning, EU activity against illegal immigration was scattered and was a part of several specific policies, strategies and action plans. The migration crisis in 2015–2016 only slightly verified the EU approach to irregular immigration. The elimination of illegal entry by combating smuggling (carried out by means of external border controls and even security and defence policy instruments) remained a priority, complemented by strengthening efforts for the second objective, which was to increase the return of immigrants who were not allowed to stay in member countries. Additionally, EU attention has been turned more towards eliminating the root causes of irregular immigration. In this respect, the EU has focused primarily on various external policy instruments to cooperate with the countries of origin and transit of immigrants.
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Keywords
Unia Europejska, polityka migracyjna, imigranci, nielegalna imigracja, nieregularni imigranci, European Union, migration policy, immigrants, illegal immigration, irregular immigrants
Citation
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej nr 14, 2020, ss. 167-186.