System religijny w dobie globalizacji. Inkluzja i fundamentalizm z perspektywy teorii systemowej Niklasa Luhmanna
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Date
2008
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Wydział Teologiczny UAM
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The Religious System in the Time of Globalization, Inclusion and Fundamentalism from the Perspective of Nikias Luhmann's System Theory
Abstract
The aim of this article is to examine the phenomena of inclusion and fundamentalism within
Niklas Luhmann’s system theory of religion in a globalized society. According to system theory,
functional differentiation, rising contingency, and progressing specialization of decision-making
centers within western society have all lead to the emergence of a modem and, subsequently, globalized
society. Due to changes in the social system, followed by the process of secularization, religion
has differentiated itself into an autonomous social subsystem. In effect, it has lost its central
position as a value provider and encompassing normative system. Rising religious inclusion and
privatization, as well as the emergence of religious fundamentalism, are seen as two opposing, yet
complimentary, processes, each emerging as a consequence of modernization and globalization.
Inclusion is understood as an individual’s ability to chose between a variety of possible religious
options, without the threat of facing any religious or social sanctions. Conversely, fundamentalism
is seen as a radical reaction to the process of modernization and progressing differentiation of the
social and religious system. From Luhmann’s perspective, both of these processes can lead to the
disintegration of religious and, as a consequence, the social system as a whole.
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religious system, globalization, inclusion, fundamentalism
Citation
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne, T. 22, 2008, s. 319-336