Browsing by Author "Filipkowski, Wojciech"
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Item NIEFORMALNE SYSTEMY TRANSFERU WARTOŚCI MAJĄTKOWYCH(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2006) Filipkowski, WojciechThis is a criminological study of the phenomenon of so called informal value (or money) transfer systems (IVTS) throughout the world. At the beginning of this paper, the author presents short characteristics of cash as a payment instrument, also widely used by criminals. Almost all the anti-money laundering regimes which have been enforced so far watch closely the flow of cash between accounts, persons or countries since it gives a great amount of versatility and anonymity for its users. Secondly, the criminals usually obtain their illicit gains in the form of cash (banknotes and coins). In order to legitimize “dirty money” they introduce it into licit financial system. This is the reason why all persons who use cash are under close investigation by institutions obliged to carry out some anti-money laundering requirements. At the same time there are several main types o f so called informal value (or money) transfer systems. They are strictly connected with certain ethnic groups or minorities, e.g. Indian, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc. Some developed centuries ago and had existed long before the banking system was created in Europe (such as Hawala, Hundi, Chop shop, Chit, Fei ch’ein). These systems have been used for one reason: to move funds from one country to another. It has been done by settling financial obligations between brokers residing in different countries (sometimes even without moving money itself). Sadly, they are being used by the criminals in order to launder their ill-gotten gains, too. In fact IVTS involve very fast, inexpensive and effective techniques to circumvent regulations. What’s more important, the terrorist have been also exploiting them in order to finance their activities. The second part of the paper contains a thorough analysis of a few examples o f IVTS. The author presents the phenomenological aspects of IVTS basing on reports of international institutions and researches done abroad. The third part of the paper contains some measures that may prevent the abuse of IVTS by organized crime or terrorist organizations. The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering prepared the 9 Special Recommendations on terrorist financing. One of them is recommendation number 6th which refers directly to so called “alternative remittance systems”. Another institution which deals with this phenomenon is the United States’ financial intelligence unit called Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. In 2003 it issued a list of recommendations and advice for financial institutions how to spot so called “suspicious transactions” connected to IVTS. The summary contains some general remarks on the effectiveness o f the existing anti-money laundering regimes and the situation in Poland in the light of the presented characteristics of informal value transfer systems.Item OCENA WYBRANYCH INSTYTUCJI SŁUŻĄCYCH ZWALCZANIU PRZESTĘPCZOŚCI ZORGANIZOWANEJ(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2010) Filipkowski, WojciechArtykuł prezentuje wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród sędziów wydziałów karnych sądów apelacyjnych w Polsce. Przedstawione zostały opinie ankietowanych w zakresie istniejącego instrumentarium prawnego i organizacyjnego służącego walce z przestępczością zorganizowaną. W szczególności ocenie zostały poddane wybrane instytucje prawa policyjnego, karnego materialnego i procesowego. Drugim obszarem badań była przydatność istniejących organów państwowych i instytucji prywatnych w walce z tym zjawiskiem. Ostatnim obszarem badań były kierunki zmian polityki zwalczania zjawiska przestępczości zorganizowanej. Uzyskane wyniki należy potraktować jako przyczynek do dyskusji nad strategią walki z tym zjawiskiem.Item ZAGROŻENIE FUNDUSZY INWESTYCYJNYCH PRZEZ PROCEDER PRANIA PIENIĘDZY(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2003) Filipkowski, WojciechAt the beginning of the paper, the author presents the nature of money laundering processes. It is stressed that this type of illegal activity is international in its nature. In order to achieve the desired effect, launderers have to transfer funds from one country to another where the process takes place. As a consequence, the fight against money laundering has to have an international scope. Secondly, in order to fight this phenomenon, the range of institutions involved should constantly widen. The reason for this is that the criminals move away from the banking sector towards other financial and non-financial businesses, including investment funds. It is therefore fully reasonable that they have been categorized as so-called „obliged institutions” by the Polish anti-money laundering regulations established by the Act of 16th November, 2000. These institutions are required to fulfil certain obligations with the purpose of fighting money laundering. In this context, the author also discusses the new Forty Recommendations of Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. In the second part of the paper, the author presents the character of investment funds (trust funds) as collective investment schemes according to Polish regulations. There are two types of these funds that are particularly vulnerable to criminal activities: venture capital and funds investing in real estate. Moreover, the potential methods of abusing these institutions by launderers are discussed. Those include situations when the investment accounts are used to collect „dirty money” originating from different illegal sources, or when gathered funds are distributed further to other institutions, bank accounts, etc. Investment fund units cannot be bought or sold, however, they can be pledged. This allows transferring collected funds from one person to another, following e.g. court’s decision which gives a perfect appearance of legitimacy. Other threats are linked to the use of on-line services and to the distribution of units of investment funds by agents. One of the obligations imposed on appropriate institutions is to prevent the use of funds coming from illegal or undisclosed sources. In some cases, the fulfilment of these obligations may be very complicated when it comes to following the ‘Know Your Customer’ procedure. The author proposes some possible changes regarding Polish anti-money laundering policies. In the last part of the paper two theses are presented. The first one reflects the author’s opinion that investment funds should be included in the list of obliged institutions, as it is the case at present. The second one stresses the need for cooperation between the General Inspector for Financial Information (Polish Financial Intelligence Unit) and the Polish Securities and Exchange Commission (Komisja Papierów Wartościowych i Gield) as supervising institutions, in order to help investment funds follow anti-money laundering regulations.