Browsing by Author "Kramer, Teodor"
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Item Ewolucja rynku wewnętrznego w Polsce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1967) Kramer, TeodorIn planned economy the market is a mechanism of outlet in the short run. It does not determine directly either the production or prices. The market is constituted by the functioning of state's mechanisms. In such state of affairs there remains the problem how wide ought to be the field of choice for individual consumer and how much influence can he exert on the construction of current and perspective trade planning. For the socialist society there exist a free choice of consumption. This is leading, however, to such a quantity of various alternatives of meeting one's needs, that it can be solved only by market apparatus. The acceptance of the principle of free choice of consumption may have manifold repercussions of the planned economy, depending on the home market's model. We can distinguish two market models in the sphere of servicing individual consumption. The first one is characteristic to the initial phases of industrialization. That model of the market — is called a restraint market. The consumer conserves here is free choice of consumption, but his choice acts exert only an influence on the division of offered consumption goods. The negative effects of a restraint market get accumulated and become with a time a market disturbing factor. With the undertaken reforms, we can distinguish nowadays a model of a developed market, characteristic for the higher phases of economic growth. The specific trait of that market model is the fact, that the acte of choice individual consumers constitute the starting points for production decisions. With the assumption of rigid prices, the market equilibrium can be safeguar-ded only by means of planning. Of paramount importance here is the supply elasticity, which can be assured by reserves, foreseen in various balances, and especially in the production sphere.Item Funkcjonalne związki rynku wewnętrznego z produkcją w modelu mieszanym(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1968) Kramer, TeodorA correct system of the production connections with the home market is, when a proper structure of supply from the point of view of the individual consumer is defined by the quick flow of the information from the consumer to the producer. In analysing the actual system of market connections with production, it has been stated, that in the connection market—producer, disturbances appear, stemming from extension of the direction of the information flow and from the fact that production reacts only indirectly in retail order. Extension of the direction of information flow appears in the first place on the sector consumer — production, considering the fact, that there is a mediation of the institutional wholesale in state-owned trade. Market information flow from the consumer to the wholesale, where it is aggregated and transmitted not earlier than now, further to the production and central planificator. Extension of the way of the market information flow and its transformation by wholesale, causes it to be useless for current decision about market structure. In actual market model in Poland contradiction appers between the consumer request and production structure. This contradiction is not yet solved by market methods. Institutions producing for the needs of the home market have to obey many directive indicators comming from central planificator. These directives concern the value of the marchandise production, financial indicators, investments and funds of payment. Detailed directives from higher authorities limit independent action of the concern. This is a further cause which makes more difficult an elastic reaction of the producer on the market order. Besides these, cause appear such as: stock deficit, shortage of the appropriate machines and appliances and improper system of the production planning for need of the market. Fuction of the national economy contains many contradictions, considering the fact, that both formations are superimposed: market formation with respectively self-acting regulation and plan formation with dictation type of the regulation. Deficiency of an elaborate system coupling both these formations is the principle cause of contradictions which arrise between production and home market.Item Rozwój nauk handlowych w Polsce Ludowej — rola i miejsce ośrodka poznańskiego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1980) Kramer, TeodorThe present state of internal trade sciences in Poland has been shaped by activities of academic scientific centres, research institutes and economic practicians. A substantial contribution to this development is of Poznań centre of commercial sciences, that has been managed by Professor Zbigniew Zakrzewski for 30 years. The Professor's personality, His particular competence for organizing research teams for main scientific problems, also for those ones inspired by life needs, have caused, that He has been gathering around many co-workers and pupils, shaping research visage and style of the Poznań scientific centre The article contains description of basic research directions taken up under Professor's leadership, as well as presentation of the centre contribution to the trade theory, economic thought development in trade sciences, domestic market functioning, consumption economics and population's consumption.Item Spożycie zbóż przez ludność wiejską (na przykładzie woj. poznańskiego)(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Kramer, Teodor