Browsing by Author "Oryl, Kazimierz"
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Item Funkcjonowanie gospodarki narodowej a ochrona środowiska naturalnego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Oryl, KazimierzProblems of the natural environment protection have been recently in the focus of attention of the Polish public opinion in the effect of a quickly progressing degradation of the natural resources. In the well-developed countries it happened at least a quarter of century ago. That time lag was resulting from the fact that only-in the seventies Poland entered the road of changes facilitating a wider utilization of the modern scientific and technological revolution which in turn unprecedently devastated the natural resources in course of the productional processes. Another reason of that destruction was of a doctrinal nature, it was widely believed that in a socialist system the processes of devastation can be altogether eliminated on account of the central planning based on a macroeconomic calculation. The central planning and the macroeconomic calculation do not however secure a rational utilization of the natural resources only by themselves. On the one hand, there is no possibility of accounting for the depreciation of these resources in the cost calculus in the effect of non-availability of their economic appraisal in economic practice. On the other hand no goals of the activity can be determined as there is no data collected on the environmental needs of a population. The present socio-economic crisis created conditions for the new system of functioning of the national economy widely employing market mechanisms. In spite of many profits which can be brought about by the new system, one has to reckon with the strong stimuli, for independent economic units, not to cover costs for their utilization of the natural resources and regeneration of the, degraded environment. The burdens of its protection have to be taken over by the State in such condition of affaires. But instead the actions of the State should aim at such conditioning of a market that socially irrational utilization of the natural resources does not pay. That purpose can be effected by means of imposing taxes and charges on the units impairing the environment, to collect funds toward its reconstruction. The State services of the environment protection as well as their control and enforcement functions have to be widely expanded in order to ensure the effective actions in that sphere. But the intensification of the scientific research seems to be a matter of the highest importance — it has to follow two directions; defining the soundness of environmental standards and appraising economically the natural resources and their role in the social processes in economy.Item Niektóre aspekty technologicznych przemian zatrudnienia w gospodarce krajów kapitalistycznych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1963) Oryl, KazimierzItem Postęp techniczny i bezrobocie w ujęciu szkoły klasycznej i neoklasycznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1964) Oryl, KazimierzItem Wpływ postępu technicznego na proporcje między działem i i ii w produkcji społecznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Oryl, KazimierzItem Wpływ przedsiębiorstw na postęp techniczny(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1979) Oryl, KazimierzConsiderations have been exclusively resticted to conditions of technical progress that ensures growth in labour efficiency on the ground of investment outlays. The outlays can serve both to creation of stable capital in new-built enterprises and also to technical modernization of stable capital in existing enterprises. Assuming that in a socialist system decisions in the sphere of technical progress of macro-economic comprehension have to be taken up by the state it is proved in the elaboration that utilization of enterprises' initiatives is indispensable in a period of intensive development. To this end, it is indispensable, however, such shaping the management system of the national economy to interest enterprises either in lowering outlays or in maximization of earnings and production rentability. To enable enterprises to utilize the achievements of the last technics they must have simultaneously an adequate economic potential at their disposal. It is indispensable then to create big economic units. Being economically strong these units can finance their development and above all they can carry on their own scientific-technical research that guarantees an inflow of adequate inventions and they can also install expensive and technically complicated modern production appliances. There exist, however, different kinds and types of techniques in the economy of each country, which condition tedermined sizes of enterprises. Because both a pre-industrial technique and a technique shaped by the first great industrial evolution exist it is necessary to maintain medium and small enterprises along with big economic units.Item Współczesne badania naukowe i postęp techniczny(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1973) Oryl, KazimierzAs a result of the present-day technological-scientific revolution, technological advances became the main factor of economic growth. However, today technological advances demand a wide front of researches carried out directly in production. It is on this ground that science develops today very quickly and in a close connection with production. This union is a result of a long and complex process of change in research. In highly developed countries, those changes, which had begun already in the nineteenth century, took place in three principal directions. The first one consists in changes in the organization of science, the second in a process of a mathematical orientation of sciences and the third in the industrialization of researches. In Poland the employment of science in securing modern advances in technology was initiated as late as in the later sixties. That became necessary as a result of a shift towards a strategy of intensive growth. This, in turn demanded speeding up the development of science and closer ties between research and production. A number of reasons, and, above all, an economic underdevelopment and a comparatively short period of time available for bringing into effect the policy of intensive growth, contributed to the fact that in Polish science a complete change towards the above mentioned directions has not yet taken place. That is why science in Poland at the present moment is unable to perform its tasks assigned by production to such a degree as it is the case in highly developed countries.Item Współczesny przyrost ludności i możliwości rozwoju gospodarki światowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1976) Oryl, KazimierzThe Author has stated that there are not existing essential obstacles for production growth which is necessary to meet the needs of the increasing population. It is true that the increasing world population causes many perturbations in economic growth. Those perturbations, however, result from political regimes and from the division of the world into underdeveloped and developed countries.