Negocjowanie indiańskich tożsamości – Rola tradycji, narracji i języka angielskiego w Haskell
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Date
2013-06-17
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Negotiating Native American identities – The role of tradition, narrative and the English language at Haskell
Abstract
W pracy zanalizowane są procesy adaptacji i akulturacji Indian Ameryki Północnej w Haskell , jak również rola, jaką ów instytucja odegrała w zmianach kulturowych, tożsamościowych i politycznych Indian w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Haskell jest obecnie uniwersytetem dla Indian, ale zostało otwarte jako jedna ze szkół z internatem dla dzieci indiańskich pod koniec XIX wieku w ramach federalnej polityki ich asymilacji. Zbadany został wpływ języka angielskiego, sportu, oraz artykułów publikowanych w szkolnej gazecie, pt. Indian Leader, na budowanie poczucia więzi oraz wspólnej tożsamości między uczniami Haskell, a także między uczniami Haskell i uczniami innych tego typu szkół, które to z czasem przerodziło się w tożsamość pan-indiańską. Z początku elementy kultur plemiennych, łącznie z językami indiańskimi były w Haskell (jak rówież w innych tego typu szkołach) surowo zabronione, jednak z czasem uczniom pozwalano na ich coraz większe użycie. Doprowadziło to do wymiany tradycji między plemionami, do adaptacji tradycji amerykańskich, oraz do powstania nowych tradycji. Zmiany te były opisywane w gazecie Indian Leader. Dziś, Haskell aktywnie promuje i wspiera kulturową, ekonomiczną i polityczną suwerenność Indian poprzez swój program nauczania, oraz różnego rodzaju przedsięwzięcia, festiwale i spotkania, które organizuje.
The thesis analyzes the processes of adaptation and acculturation of Native Americans at Haskell. Today, Haskell is a university for American Indians from the United States, but it was founded at the end of the nineteenth century as one of the boarding schools for American Indian children under the federal policy of assimilation. The work examines the role of the English language, sports, and the articles published in the school newspaper, the Indian Leader, in creating a sense of unity and common identity between the students, as well as the students of other such schools. This common identity has gradually developed into a pan-Indian identity. In its early years, elements of tribal cultures, including tribal languages, were strictly forbidden at Haskell (as well as other such schools). However, with time, they were increasingly allowed for, which has led to the interchange of traditions between tribes, the adaptation of American traditions, as well as the formation of new ones, all of which have been described in the Indian Leader. Today, Haskell actively promotes and encourages Native American cultural, economic and political sovereignty through its curriculum, as well as the various events, festivals and meetings that it organizes.
The thesis analyzes the processes of adaptation and acculturation of Native Americans at Haskell. Today, Haskell is a university for American Indians from the United States, but it was founded at the end of the nineteenth century as one of the boarding schools for American Indian children under the federal policy of assimilation. The work examines the role of the English language, sports, and the articles published in the school newspaper, the Indian Leader, in creating a sense of unity and common identity between the students, as well as the students of other such schools. This common identity has gradually developed into a pan-Indian identity. In its early years, elements of tribal cultures, including tribal languages, were strictly forbidden at Haskell (as well as other such schools). However, with time, they were increasingly allowed for, which has led to the interchange of traditions between tribes, the adaptation of American traditions, as well as the formation of new ones, all of which have been described in the Indian Leader. Today, Haskell actively promotes and encourages Native American cultural, economic and political sovereignty through its curriculum, as well as the various events, festivals and meetings that it organizes.
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Wydział Anglistyki
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Keywords
Indianie, Native Americans, Tożsamość, Identity, Wielokulturowość, Multiculturalism, Tradycja, Opór, Resistance