Kolonializm – Dekolonizacja – Postkolonializm. Rozważania o istocie i periodyzacji
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Date
2016
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Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM
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Colonialism – Decolonization – Postcolonialism. Considerations about the nature and periodization
Abstract
Trudno przecenić znaczenie epoki kolonialnej dla dziejów świata. W ostatnich latach
obserwujemy wręcz lawinowy wzrost publikacji już nie tylko o kolonializmie ale przede wszystkim
o postkolonializmie. Głos zabierają filolodzy, kulturoznawcy, historycy, socjolodzy i politolodzy,
prawnicy, ekonomiści a nawet medycy i psycholodzy, co często wprowadza chaos i różne rozumienie
wielu wydawałoby się oczywistych pojęć. To wszystko wymaga uporządkowania. Celem artykułu jest
zdefiniowanie podstawowych kategorii takich jak kolonializm i dekolonizacja, neokolonializm i postkolonializm,
zakreślenie ich granic terytorialnych i chronologicznych. To swego rodzaju próba wyjaśnienia
dyskusji, pisana przez historyka i politologa, a więc z perspektywy człowieka zajmującego się
dziejami kolonializmu.
W artykule przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące definicji i zakresu pojęcia kolonializm, jego rozwój
w XIX i pierwszej połowie XX wieku – od genezy poprzez ekspansję państw europejskich aż do
jego kryzysu, którego początki widzieć powinniśmy już w latach I wojny światowej i wreszcie jego
rozpadu po II wojnie światowej. Następnie omówiono pojęcie dekolonizacji, czynniki przyśpieszające
dekolonizację oraz nowe propozycje periodyzacyjne. Ostatnia część artykułu to rozważania na temat
postkolonializmu, a więc nowej refleksji nad kolonializmem a przede wszystkim nad jego konsekwencjami
i pozostałościami we współczesnym świecie. Coraz częściej bowiem nie ograniczano się tylko
do historii kolonializmu i dekolonizacji. Podkreślano, że istnieją różne rodzaje podporządkowania,
a nowe ujęcie powinno dotyczyć historii i perspektyw wszystkich grup podporządkowanych np. ludzi
zmarginalizowanych (klas niższych, kobiet, mniejszości narodowych i seksualnych itp.). W tym sensie
kolonializm trwa nadal i stąd być może ten wzrost zainteresowania i aktualność problematyki, która
jeszcze niedawno wydawała się kategorią już tylko historyczną.
The importance of the colonial era in world history can hardly be exaggerated. In recent years, we have seen a rapid growth of publications dedicated to colonialism and, primarily, to postcolonialism. Some philologists, cultural studies theorists, historians, sociologists and political scientists, lawyers, economists and even physicians and psychologists have spoken on these issues. This results in terminological chaos and different interpretations of many seemingly obvious concepts, calling for some order to be introduced. The aim of this paper is to define basic categories, such as colonialism and decolonization, neo-colonialism and postcolonialism, as well as to indicate their territorial and chronological boundaries. This is an attempt to explain the matters written from the perspective of a scholar dealing with the history of colonialism, that is a historian and political scientist combined. The paper presents considerations with regard to the definition, scope and concept of colonialism, its development in the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries – from its genesis, through the expansion of European states, until its crisis, which started in the early years of World War I and, finally, to its collapse after World War II. Next, the concept of decolonization is touched upon along the factors accelerating the decolonization process. New proposals of periodization also come into view. The final part of the paper mulls over postcolonialism and, by this token, reflects on colonialism and, first and foremost, on its aftermath and remnants in the modern world. Increasingly nowadays, studies are not restricted only to the history of colonialism and decolonization, and it is emphasized that there are different types of subordination. Therefore, a new approach should cover the history and perspectives of all the subsidiary groups, such as marginalized people (that includes women, lower social classes, national and sexual minorities, etc.). In this sense, colonialism still exists, and perhaps this is the reason for the increased academic interest in issues which seemed not long ago to be merely a historical category.
The importance of the colonial era in world history can hardly be exaggerated. In recent years, we have seen a rapid growth of publications dedicated to colonialism and, primarily, to postcolonialism. Some philologists, cultural studies theorists, historians, sociologists and political scientists, lawyers, economists and even physicians and psychologists have spoken on these issues. This results in terminological chaos and different interpretations of many seemingly obvious concepts, calling for some order to be introduced. The aim of this paper is to define basic categories, such as colonialism and decolonization, neo-colonialism and postcolonialism, as well as to indicate their territorial and chronological boundaries. This is an attempt to explain the matters written from the perspective of a scholar dealing with the history of colonialism, that is a historian and political scientist combined. The paper presents considerations with regard to the definition, scope and concept of colonialism, its development in the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries – from its genesis, through the expansion of European states, until its crisis, which started in the early years of World War I and, finally, to its collapse after World War II. Next, the concept of decolonization is touched upon along the factors accelerating the decolonization process. New proposals of periodization also come into view. The final part of the paper mulls over postcolonialism and, by this token, reflects on colonialism and, first and foremost, on its aftermath and remnants in the modern world. Increasingly nowadays, studies are not restricted only to the history of colonialism and decolonization, and it is emphasized that there are different types of subordination. Therefore, a new approach should cover the history and perspectives of all the subsidiary groups, such as marginalized people (that includes women, lower social classes, national and sexual minorities, etc.). In this sense, colonialism still exists, and perhaps this is the reason for the increased academic interest in issues which seemed not long ago to be merely a historical category.
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Keywords
kolonializm, kolonializm i wojna, kryzys i rozpad systemu kolonialnego, dekolonizacja, neokolonializm, postkolonializm, studia o grupach podporządkowanych, colonialism, colonialism and war, crisis and collapse of the colonial system, decolonization, neocolonialism, postcolonialism, subaltern studies
Citation
Przegląd Politologiczny, 2016, nr 3, s. 131-143.
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ISBN
ISSN
1426-8876