Zniekształcenia poznawcze u sprawców wykorzystania seksualnego dziecka
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Date
2013-10-07
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Child molesters’ cognitive distortions
Abstract
Problem: Celem badań było określenie, jaką rolę w mechanizmie wykorzystywania seksualnego dzieci pełnią zniekształcenia poznawcze. Skonceptualizowano je jako manifestacje ukrytych teorii, które dostarczają sprawcy specyficznego sposobu rozumienia świata (Ward, Kennan, 1999). Określono możliwe 3 mechanizmy ich działania. Zgodnie z pierwszym z nich zniekształcenia powstają przed powstaniem motywacji do czynu i mogą być jej źródłem. Zgodnie z drugim motywacja do czynu poprzedza powstanie zniekształceń, które istnieją po to, by motywację tę usprawiedliwić. Zgodnie z trzecim zniekształcenia powstają po popełnieniu, na skutek reakcji własnej i otoczenia. Mechanizmy te osadzono w szerszym kontekście etiologicznym, odwołując się do Zintegrowanej Teorii Przestępczości Seksualnej (Ward, Beech, 2005; 2008). W skonstruowanym modelu oprócz zniekształceń poznawczych badano także inne czynniki etiologiczne (postawy rodzicielskie, style przywiązania i kompetencje społeczne), cechy otoczenia, czynu oraz recydywę. Metoda: Zbadano 263 mężczyzn: 66 sprawców wykorzystania seksualnego dziecka, 46 gwałcicieli, 74 sprawców przemocy domowej i 69 mężczyzn niekaranych. Zniekształcenia poznawcze mierzono narzędziami własnej konstrukcji Kwestionariuszem Zniekształceń Poznawczych i narracyjnie - Zadaniem Oceny Przyczyn i Skutków Wykorzystania Seksualnego. Inne czynniki etiologiczne mierzono przy użyciu Skali Postaw Rodzicielskich (Plopa, 2008), Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory (Brennan, Clark, Shaver, 1998) i Kwestionariusza Kompetencji Społecznych (Matczak, 2007). Dane o cechach czynu i otoczenia oraz o recydywie pochodziły z akt penitencjarnych. Czyny oceniano przy użyciu Skal Przemocy (Beisert, 2012). Wyniki: Obie metody do pomiaru zniekształceń były w znikomym stopniu związane ze sobą. Mężczyźni karani cechowali się większym nasileniem zniekształceń od mężczyzn niekaranych. Sprawcy wykorzystania seksualnego dziecka przejawiali zróżnicowane nasilenie zniekształceń mierzonych kwestionariuszowo i umiarkowanie jednorodne nasilenie zniekształceń mierzonych narracyjnie. Zniekształcenia mierzone kwestionariuszowo były związane z postawami rodzicielskimi, stylami przywiązania, kompetencjami społecznymi, cechami czynu (oprócz natężenia przemocy) i recydywą, natomiast nie były związane z cechami otoczenia. Zniekształcenia poznawcze mierzone narracyjnie były związane z kompetencjami społecznymi (głównie związki negatywne), w znikomym stopniu z postawami rodzicielskimi, cechami czynu i otoczenia, natomiast nie były związane ze stylami przywiązania i recydywą. Wnioski: Zgromadzone dane potwierdzają istnienie mechanizmów I i III oraz wskazują, że skutkiem działania pierwszego są zniekształcenia mierzone kwestionariuszowo a trzeciego zniekształcenia mierzone narracyjnie. Potwierdzono, że mechanizm I prowadzi do popełnienia czynu, a mechanizm III pojawia się na skutek reakcji otoczenia. Jednak tylko mechanizm I jest związany z recydywą. W związku z tym zmiana zniekształceń poznawczych powinna być celem terapii, ale tylko jeśli powstały one w skutek działania mechanizmu I.
Problem: The aim of these studies was to determine the role of cognitive distortions in a mechanism of child sexual abuse. They were conceptualized as manifestations of implicit theories, which give the offender the specific understanding of the world (Ward, Kennan, 1999). 3 possible mechanisms were defined. According to the first of them cognitive distortions are formed before generating the motivation for abuse and may be its source. According to the second one the motivation for abuse precedes forming of distortions, which exist to justify this motivation. According to the third one, distortions are formed after committing a crime, as a result of an offender’s own reaction and reaction of his environment. These mechanism were set in a wider etiological context, referring to The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward, Beech, 2005; 2008). In the constructed model, besides cognitive distortions, other etiological factors were examined (parental attitudes, attachment style and social competences), environment, offense and recidivism characteristics. Method: 263 males participated in this study: 66 child sexual abuse offenders, 46 rapists, 74 perpetrators of domestic violence and 69 nonoffenders. Cognitive distortions were measured with one's own designed methods: Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire and narrative tool was Child Sexual Abuses Causes and Effects Assessment Task. Other etiological were measured with Parental Attitudes Scale (Plopa, 2008), Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory (Brennan, Clark, Shaver, 1998) and Social Competences Questionnaire (Matczak, 2007). Data about characteristics of an offense, environment and about recidivism came from penitentiary files. Offenses were evaluated with Violence Scales (Beisert, 2012). Results: Both methods used to measure cognitive distortions were related to each other in a minimal way. Offenders showed higher intensity of cognitive distortions than nonoffenders. Child sexual abuse offenders showed differential intensity of distortions measured by questionnaire and moderately uniform intensity of distortions measured by narrative tool. Distortions measured by questionnaire were related to parental attitudes, attachment style and social competences, characteristics of an offense (besides intensity of violence) and recidivism, whereas they were not related to environment characteristics. Cognitive distortions measured by narrative tool were related to social competences (mainly negative relation), in a minimal way to parental attitudes, characteristics of an offense and of environment, whereas they were not related to attachment style and recidivism. Conclusion: Collected data confirms the existence of mechanisms I and III and indicate that the result of the first mechanism are distortions measured by questionnaire and the third mechanism – distortions measured by narrative tool. It was confirmed that mechanism I leads to committing a crime and mechanism III emerges as a reaction of environment. However, only mechanism I is related to recidivism. Therefore the aim of therapy should be to change cognitive distortions, but only if they are a result of mechanism I.
Problem: The aim of these studies was to determine the role of cognitive distortions in a mechanism of child sexual abuse. They were conceptualized as manifestations of implicit theories, which give the offender the specific understanding of the world (Ward, Kennan, 1999). 3 possible mechanisms were defined. According to the first of them cognitive distortions are formed before generating the motivation for abuse and may be its source. According to the second one the motivation for abuse precedes forming of distortions, which exist to justify this motivation. According to the third one, distortions are formed after committing a crime, as a result of an offender’s own reaction and reaction of his environment. These mechanism were set in a wider etiological context, referring to The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward, Beech, 2005; 2008). In the constructed model, besides cognitive distortions, other etiological factors were examined (parental attitudes, attachment style and social competences), environment, offense and recidivism characteristics. Method: 263 males participated in this study: 66 child sexual abuse offenders, 46 rapists, 74 perpetrators of domestic violence and 69 nonoffenders. Cognitive distortions were measured with one's own designed methods: Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire and narrative tool was Child Sexual Abuses Causes and Effects Assessment Task. Other etiological were measured with Parental Attitudes Scale (Plopa, 2008), Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory (Brennan, Clark, Shaver, 1998) and Social Competences Questionnaire (Matczak, 2007). Data about characteristics of an offense, environment and about recidivism came from penitentiary files. Offenses were evaluated with Violence Scales (Beisert, 2012). Results: Both methods used to measure cognitive distortions were related to each other in a minimal way. Offenders showed higher intensity of cognitive distortions than nonoffenders. Child sexual abuse offenders showed differential intensity of distortions measured by questionnaire and moderately uniform intensity of distortions measured by narrative tool. Distortions measured by questionnaire were related to parental attitudes, attachment style and social competences, characteristics of an offense (besides intensity of violence) and recidivism, whereas they were not related to environment characteristics. Cognitive distortions measured by narrative tool were related to social competences (mainly negative relation), in a minimal way to parental attitudes, characteristics of an offense and of environment, whereas they were not related to attachment style and recidivism. Conclusion: Collected data confirms the existence of mechanisms I and III and indicate that the result of the first mechanism are distortions measured by questionnaire and the third mechanism – distortions measured by narrative tool. It was confirmed that mechanism I leads to committing a crime and mechanism III emerges as a reaction of environment. However, only mechanism I is related to recidivism. Therefore the aim of therapy should be to change cognitive distortions, but only if they are a result of mechanism I.
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Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Psychologii
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Keywords
etiologia przestępczości seksualnej, etiology of sexual offending, zniekształcenia poznawcze, cognitive distortions, wykorzystanie seksualne dziecka, child sexual abuse, przestępcy seksualni, sexual offenders