Browsing by Author "Najlepszy, Eugeniusz"

Now showing 1 - 12 of 12
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    Instytucjonalne i funkcjonalne podstawy mechanizmu handlu zagranicznego
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1970) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The author presents the conception of using foreign trade turnovers as well as the main elements and principles of the system of foreign trade in conditions of Poland's economy. At the beginning the author is analizing means of using foreign trade in a planning economy in short and long terms. Then he passes over to the basic problem: to the concept of a construction of the mechanism of foreign trade in the system of our economy. The essential elements of actual mechanism of foreign trade are as follows: 1) concentration of almost all decisions concerning the economic foreign transaction on the central level, 2) choice of the commodity structure of foreign trade on the basic calculation of the central plan, 3) institutional and economic separation of the foreign trade from production, 4) autonomous character of the system of home market prices in regard to the world market prices, 5) sovereign of a monetary system and the passive function of the rate of exchange. The last part of this article consists of analyzing directions of the evolution of the mechanism of foreign trade. The author presents here these reforms mainly, which in result of the sharp criticism of the previous system consist of a certain degree of decentralization of management of foreign trade. The deviations from the assumptions of this model concerning here are: activity of the calculation enterprises and incentives at the level of the enterprise, decentralization of certain decisions in foreign trade, and incentival action of prices system in the sphere of the plan fulfillment.
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    Kierunki przezwyciężania zewnętrznych trudności gospodarczych Polski i innych krajów socjalistycznych w ramach systemu międzynarodowej współpracy gospodarczej RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1983) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The article is an attempt to study possibilities of trade conversion in Poland and other CMEA member States to slow the increasing involvement in foreign debts in the socialist States and to reduce gradually their international payments deficit in the trade with the Western States. The author focusses on answering a question whether it is possible and to what degree, to limit Polish and other socialis States' imports from the industrial Western countries by means of intensifying international economic cooperation within the framework of the CMEA group of member States. The author dwells also on finding conditions and capacities of international coordination of trade policies of the member states on the Western markets and in the Third World. Coordinating these policies within the CMEA would maintain and develop such institutional, produetional and trade links which would bring about equal returns to both parts of the East-West exchange. It is understood that a consolidation of economic policies of the socialist States and a further intensification of economic ties within the CMEA is a main condition to start actions which would limit a destructive effect of the economic crisis in the capitalist world.
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    Międzynarodowy handel i transfer czynników produkcji w ugrupowaniach krajów EWG i RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1987) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz; Stawarska, Renata
    The main purpose of the article is an attempt at evaluating comparatively the changes and tendencies in commercial, financial and technological (relations occuring within the EEC and the CMEA in the '70 ad the early '80. The analysis includes the changes in the size and structure of trade resulting — among others — from the processes of specialization occuring within both groups. The research includes also the forms and size of capital and technology flow within the EEC and CMEA and the factors determining the said flow. The conclusions point out to a relatively higher — in comparison with the CMEA — capability of the economies of the EEC countries to adapt to the main tendencies of changes occuring in the structure of demand on world market.
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    Miejsce państwowego monopolu handlu zagranicznego w założeniach socjalistycznego sposobu produkcji
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1969) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The aim of the article is an analysis of the state monopoly of foreign trade in a socialist economy. In first part of the article there is discussed an approach, lasting till now, to an essence and conception of socialist foreign trade monopoly. Until recently in economic literature prevailed the opinion that seems to be based on the assumption that a centralized foreign trade system is the only one possible solution, when the foreign trade is taken over by the state. The monopoly of foreign trade and its monopolistic organization form were then identified as being one and the same. Nevertheless such a position may lead to various misapprehensions. For these reasons rejecting identification of foreign trade monopoly with the far centralization of decisions in external trade the author makes a distinction between a monopolistic organizational structure of foreign trade and the category of the monopoly in foreign trade. On the basis of this distinction an attempt is made to define term of the state monopoly of foreign trade as a situation in which a right to realization foreign trade turnovers has not only the central economic authority, but all socialising sphere of national economy. Under such conditions break a principle of foreign trade monopoly can be follow when leading external trade activités by private enterprises and persons will be admited. In this way understood the concept of the monopoly of foreign trade creates generally conditions of foreign trade monopoly for rational activités on external trade field. In the result within the framework of the state monopoly of foreign trade can be apply a different types of mechanizmus, a different methods of organizations of foreign trade turnovers, then to realize the different forms of this model. In the second part of this article it was shown an attempt of description of the most characteristic of the features of the state monopoly of foreign trade. These features can be derived from the general assumptions of the socialist economy, although different solutions for the foreign trade are possible. The features should define every foreign trade model in a socialist economy. They are as follows: 1. necessity of subordination of foreign trade, first of all to the realization of the physical proportions of the national economic plan, 2. need of control and regulation by the state all of foreign trade turnovers, 3. leading dual form of economic calculation in foreign trade: macroeconomic calculus on central level and microeconomic calculus in enterprises.
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    Model handlu wzajemnego krajów RWPG w latach siedemdziesiątych
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1987) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz; Karpiński, Józef
    The main task of the article is the evaluation of spatial distribution of the intensity of mutual trade of the CMEA countries performed by means of selected standards of international trade intensity. The results of the statistical analysis served to build a relatively simple model of intensity and structure of mutual trade turnover within the CMEA which characterizes basic properties of trade of all the CMEA countries in the '70. In order to model those basic properties and the aim of mutual trade of the CMEA countries the method of graphic interpretation was applied. In effect, the empirical image of the system of streams of mutual trade was obtained. It resembles most the monocentric model of international trade. The central element of that system is the Soviet Union; the trade relations linking the USSR with the European CMEA countries are on the average six times more intensive than with other members of the CMEA. In effect, the Soviet Union absorbed more than 3/4 of mutual trade of the European CMEA countries what means that the trade with other member countries constituted only 1/3 of mutual trade in the analysed period. Besides, the results of the empirical analysis of mutual trade within the CMEA prove the existence of interdependence between the shaping of the level of trade intensity and the system of the structure of goods. According to that regularity, the intensity of trade within the CMEA is the function of the share of raw materials and fuels.
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    Problem teoretycznego ujęcia kryteriów międzynarodowej specjalizacji
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1965) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
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    Rola handlu zagranicznego w gospodarce województwa poznańskiego
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The article attempts at the estimation of foreign trade development in the Poznan district economy. The need to elaborate the local balance of trade turnover in domestic and exchange prices is indicated at, in order to estimate the input of enterprises of that region in the exchange balance of trade of the national economy. Analysis of the development of export production in the years 1981 - 1983: indicates the gradual reconstruction of the export dynamics. Nevertheless the structural underdevelopment of foreign trade in the Poznan district can be observed, it is manifested by the high share of traditional products in export (products of agriculture, forestry etc.). On the grounds of the empirical analysis of profitability of the export production of the Poznan district, the author reaches a conclusion that the financial situation of numerous exporting enterprises is not optimistic. Several branches of economy of the region, as well as industries in a given period, were not able to cover all costs related to export incomes which has contributed to the increase of losses of the expoting enterprises. The author maintains that initiation of the development of specialized industries can be in a long run, a prerequisite to improve the product structure of the foreign trade of the Poznan district.
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    Rola przemysłu w gospodarce europejskich krajów socjalistycznych
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1989) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The article contains the results of research on structural changes in industry of 7 European CMEA countries in years 1970 -1985 in connection with the respective levels of their economic development, In order to observe the process of industrial growth of those countries the following problems were subject to a detailed analysis: — the comparative review of the trend of correlation between the participation of industry in national economy and the level of national income per one employee ; — the shaping on an international scale of differentiation of the growth of outlays and the productivity of production factors engaged in industries of particular CMEA member states; — the degree of participation of industries of particular CMEA member states in the international division of labour, with attention paid to its time and spatial diversification. The analysis proved the empirical dependence of the development of industries of European CMEA countries on their national income levels per one employee and showed significant similarities among respective countries as to, the above dependence in years 1970 -1975. The industrial growth trends in most of European CMEA countriested gradually decreased, with the set-back and stabilization of participation of industry in national economy most evident in countries with the lowest level of national income per one employee (GDR, Czechoslovakia). Besides, in years 1970-1985 a considerable break in the continuity of the process of eliminating differences in the levels of economic growth took place. In effect, in years 1981 -1985 some countries (especially Poland and Hungary) were more backward in their industrial growth than others. Although the indexes of dynamics of industrial export and import in particular European CMEA countries showed favourable tendencies, their comparison with the period of 1960 -1970 reveals, a set-back in growth. In effect, both in particular countries as well as in the CMEA as a whole, the participation of industrial export and import in the world market decreases.
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    SZACOWANIE FUNDAMENTALNYCH ODDZIAŁYWAŃ RELACJI MAKROEKONOMICZNYCH NA BILANS OBROTÓW BIEŻĄCYCH
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2006) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    A simplified micro-economic model is analysed and developed in order to identify and quantify the strong and weak influences of fundamental macro-economic relations (such as savings rates and domestic investments) and their main determinants on the current account balance. The influence mechanisms of those macro-economic relations are generally described by cause-effect relations determining the explanatory variables in regression equations constituting a development of a simplified theoretical model. The theoretical model of the regression function estimation is based on different descriptions of the influence mechanisms of the key factors determining the current account balance and a differently outlined hierarchy of the economic factors that influence the evolutions of the analysed macro-economic relations such as savings and domestic investments measured against the GDR Empirical research carried out worldwide and methodological recommendations (taken from the literature on international business theory) serve as justification of the author’s selection of the potential determinants of the current account balance.
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    Teoria i praktyka międzynarodowej współpracy gospodarczej krajów RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1983) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The task of the article is a comparison of theoretical findings of the conception of the international economic cooperation of the CMEA member states with the premises of their economic policies in this scope and with the previous course of integrational processes in the CMEA group. In the first part of the study, three basic theoretical concepts of economic cooperation are presented which can be related to differing views of economists on the part played by planning and international market in the socialist economy. In the second part of the study a system of the international economic cooperation adopted in the premises of the economic policies of the CMEA member states is analyzed. The author's attention is focused mainly on those elements of the international cooperation system which are compromising opposing pursuits of the particular member states of securing themselves most favorable conditions for balancing necessary means with needs stated autonomously in the national plans of economic developement. The third part of the study is devoted to the analysis of features of functioning of the present system of international cooperation of the CMEA states. The actual distribution of competence and roles in the system of relations between various levels of domestic and international institutions and organizations are characterized. The scope of implementation of resolutions and recommendations of the CMEA on the developement of the international specialization and productional cooperation is evaluated. The excessive build up of the consulting and negociating activities almost on all the levels of economic organizations of the member states and of the CMEA organs is also indicated. The identification and analysis of structure of interdependence of economic interests in the sphere of realization of international economic cooperation in the CMEA are performed. Particularly, following groups of interests can be singled out: Party and government governing bodies, central economic administration, productional and trade enterprises, international organs of the CMEA. In the final remarks factors diminishing the ability to control a mechanism of the international cooperation are presented, this can well account for the lack of developement in real integrational ties and related organizational structures in the system of cooperation of the CMEA states.
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    Wzorce zachowań integracyjnych państw członkowskich RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1990) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz
    The subject-matter of the article is the model of strategic behaviour of socialist economy within the CMEA. It has been assumed that the purpose of strategic activity of each of the member-states is the attainment of optimum position of its national economy in the international division of labour within the CMEA. The choice of integration strategy is conditioned by many external (international division of labour and institutional integration structures) and internal factors. In the CMEA, a prevailing tendency with respect to integration is the extrapolation of hitherto existing trends, leading to a very limited perception of integration. Besides,, usually a very narrow group of state authorities understands, strategic prognoses and interprets correctly the situation. The outcome of activity presented in the model are three alternative types of reaction of economy in the integrational surrounding: defensive, adaptational and creative. In the historical perspective, the economies of the CMEA countries have not revealed any significant interest in any other response to integrational processes than the defensive reaction.
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    Zmiany strukturalne w procesie integracji gospodarczej w ramach EWG i RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Najlepszy, Eugeniusz; Stawarska, Renata
    The task of the article is a comparative study of structural transformations undergooing in the effect of integrational changes within a framework of the EEC and the CMEA. The following problems are the subject of a detailed analysis: l) the influence of the industrial policy on shaping the complementarity of economic structures in both integrational groups; 2) forms and development trends in international specialization of production within a framework of the EEC and the CMEA. The results of the comparative research indicate at the number of differences in the course of structural transformations. They result, among others, from the effect of different institutional factors. Yet, many similarities both in a character and tendencies of transformation of economic structures in both integrational groups can be ascertained.