Poznański Czerwiec 1956. Walka o pamięć w latach 1956-1989
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Date
2014-03-13
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The Poznan June 1956. The fight for the memory in 1956-1989
Abstract
Problem oceny i interpretacji Poznańskiego Czerwca 1956 był jednym z najbardziej drastycznych zagadnień ideologicznych z jakimi poradzić sobie musiał aparat PZPR. W poszczególnych okresach władza rozwinęła zatem kilka strategii radzenia sobie z tym problemem. W pierwszym z nich (VI-X 1956 r.) uczestnicy czerwcowych wydarzeń, zostali spacyfikowani represjami, zaś oddziaływanie propagandowe partii odnosiło się do całego społeczeństwa. W drugim okresie (do VI 1958 r.) władze przyznały początkowo, że błędy leżały po stronie odsuniętej od władzy stalinowskiej kliki, a protest miał charakter robotniczy i był uprawniony. Umożliwiało to przez jakiś czas kultywowanie pamięci Czerwca 1956, ale jedynie w postaci całkowicie zaaprobowanej przez władzę. Wobec środowisk robotniczych Poznania zgłaszających chęć podtrzymywania pamięci o „czarnym czwartku” już niebawem zastosowano bowiem różnorakie środki nacisku, nie wyłączając aktywności operacyjnej SB. W trzecim okresie (1958-1980) strategią partii było konsekwentne przemilczenie Poznańskiego Czerwca. Społeczeństwo było spacyfikowane, pozbawione możliwości wyrażania swoich poglądów, zamykające się w sferze prywatnej. Zmienił to okres 1980-1981, kiedy pojawiła się opozycyjna wykładnia poznańskich wydarzeń, ukazująca tradycję oporu, obnażająca zakłamanie komunistycznej ideologii i praktyki, wzmocniona dodatkowo Grudniem 1970 i Czerwcem 1976. Władza odreagowała dopiero po wprowadzeniu stanu wojennego, kiedy rozwinęła strategie zmierzające do zneutralizowania „solidarnościowego” dyskursu i do przejęcia odrodzonej tradycji Poznańskiego Czerwca.
The estimation and interpretation of the Poznań June 1956 was one of the most drastic ideological problems that the Polish United Workers’ Party had to deal with. There were distinctive periods in which the communist party developed different strategies of dealing with this problem. In the first period (June – October 1956) participants of the Poznań 1956 protests were pacified by repressions and the whole society felt the influence of the communist propaganda. In the second period (lasting to June 1958) PUWP admitted that the Poznań 1956 protests were reasonable and of worker’s character. Besides, it was said that the followers of Stalinism, who had just been thrown out of power, were responsible for all faults. The Poznań June’s memory cultivation was allowed, but only in the form that was strictly approved by the communist party. Poznań workers were treated with different types of pressure, including operational activity of the Security Service. In the third period the communists’ strategy was the consequent concealment. The society was pacified, deprived of the possibility of expressing opinion. It locked itself in the private sphere. The situation changed in 1980-1981 with the appearance of Poznań June’s interpretation created by the opposition. This interpretation showed tradition of resistance, exposed hypocrisy of the communist ideology and practice and was reinforced by December 1970 and June 1976. The party reacted only after the introduction of martial law on December 13, 1981 and developed strategies that headed for neutralization of “solidarity’s” discourse as well as takeover of Poznań June’s reborn tradition.
The estimation and interpretation of the Poznań June 1956 was one of the most drastic ideological problems that the Polish United Workers’ Party had to deal with. There were distinctive periods in which the communist party developed different strategies of dealing with this problem. In the first period (June – October 1956) participants of the Poznań 1956 protests were pacified by repressions and the whole society felt the influence of the communist propaganda. In the second period (lasting to June 1958) PUWP admitted that the Poznań 1956 protests were reasonable and of worker’s character. Besides, it was said that the followers of Stalinism, who had just been thrown out of power, were responsible for all faults. The Poznań June’s memory cultivation was allowed, but only in the form that was strictly approved by the communist party. Poznań workers were treated with different types of pressure, including operational activity of the Security Service. In the third period the communists’ strategy was the consequent concealment. The society was pacified, deprived of the possibility of expressing opinion. It locked itself in the private sphere. The situation changed in 1980-1981 with the appearance of Poznań June’s interpretation created by the opposition. This interpretation showed tradition of resistance, exposed hypocrisy of the communist ideology and practice and was reinforced by December 1970 and June 1976. The party reacted only after the introduction of martial law on December 13, 1981 and developed strategies that headed for neutralization of “solidarity’s” discourse as well as takeover of Poznań June’s reborn tradition.
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Wydział Historyczny: Instytut Historii
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Keywords
Poznański Czerwiec 1956, The Poznan June 1956, pamięć historyczna, collective historical memory, polityka historyczna, historical policy, propaganda, propaganda