Polityka zwalczania Współczesnego kryzysu gospodarczego. Między Hayekiem a Keynesem
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Date
2015
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Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM w Poznaniu
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Policy aiming to overcome the present economic crisis. Between Hayek and Keynes
Abstract
Polityka zwalczania kryzysów gospodarczych budzi liczne kontrowersje wśród ekspertów i polityków, prezentujących szeroką gamę recept na zapobieżenie i usuwanie ich skutków. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dwóch - w dużej mierze przeciwstawnych - spojrzeń na istotę kryzysów, reprezentujących możliwie szeroki wachlarz opinii. W tym celu autorzy przybliżają poglądy dwóch bodajże najistotniejszych ekonomistów, którzy zajmowali się tą tematyką w dobie wielkiego kryzysu gospodarczego XX wieku, oraz porównanie ich zaleceń z działaniami podejmowanymi przez polityków współcześnie. Pierwszym z nich jest John Maynard Keynes, upatrujący źródeł problemów gospodarczych w zmianach popytu oraz zalecający aktywne przeciwdziałanie skutkom zawirowań gospodarczych, drugim zaś Friedrich August von Hayek, reprezentujący austriacką szkołę ekonomii, winiący za cykliczne powracanie kryzysów czynniki monetarne i postulujący przebudowę systemu, tak aby przeciw-działać recesji zanim się pojawi. Odmienne podejście do roli państwa w gospodarce, różnice metodologiczne oraz dyskusja na tematy ekonomiczne jaką ci ekonomiści toczyli przez wiele lat wpływają na wagę ich prac, dziś już niekiedy zapomnianych nawet przez ich zwolenników. Tymczasem, jak wykazują autorzy, wkład obu adwersarzy w teorię kryzysów gospodarczych jest nie do przecenienia i mimo że obecnie bardziej popularne wśród decydentów zdają się być wywody Johna Keynesa, to nadal silny i aktualny pozostaje dyskurs między intelektualnymi spadkobiercami obu ekonomistów.
Policy aiming to overcome economic crises raises considerable controversies among experts and politicians, who present a broad range of recipes to prevent crises and overcome their effects. This paper aims to discuss two, to a large extent contradictory approaches to the nature of crises which reflect the maximum range of opinions. In order to achieve their aim, the authors discuss the standpoints of two of probably the most influential economists, who examined this issue during the great economic crisis of the 20 th century, and compare their recommendations with the steps taken by politicians today. One of the two economists is John Maynard Keynes, who identified fluctuations in demand as the source of economic problems and recommended proactivity in preventing the results of economic turmoil; the other one is Friedrich August von Hayek, a representative of the Austrian school of economics, who blamed monetary factors for the cyclical recurrence of economic crises and called for the reconstruction of the system so as to prevent recession before it emerges. The different approaches to the role of the State in the economy, the methodological differences and the discussion on economics these two economists carried on for many years make their work significant, which is somewhat forgotten now, even by their respective supporters. The authors of the paper demonstrate, however, that the contribution of the two adversaries in the theory of economic crises can hardly be overestimated, and although the reasoning of John Keynes seems to be more popular among contemporary decision-makers, the dispute between the intellectual successors of both economists continues to be vivid and topical.
Policy aiming to overcome economic crises raises considerable controversies among experts and politicians, who present a broad range of recipes to prevent crises and overcome their effects. This paper aims to discuss two, to a large extent contradictory approaches to the nature of crises which reflect the maximum range of opinions. In order to achieve their aim, the authors discuss the standpoints of two of probably the most influential economists, who examined this issue during the great economic crisis of the 20 th century, and compare their recommendations with the steps taken by politicians today. One of the two economists is John Maynard Keynes, who identified fluctuations in demand as the source of economic problems and recommended proactivity in preventing the results of economic turmoil; the other one is Friedrich August von Hayek, a representative of the Austrian school of economics, who blamed monetary factors for the cyclical recurrence of economic crises and called for the reconstruction of the system so as to prevent recession before it emerges. The different approaches to the role of the State in the economy, the methodological differences and the discussion on economics these two economists carried on for many years make their work significant, which is somewhat forgotten now, even by their respective supporters. The authors of the paper demonstrate, however, that the contribution of the two adversaries in the theory of economic crises can hardly be overestimated, and although the reasoning of John Keynes seems to be more popular among contemporary decision-makers, the dispute between the intellectual successors of both economists continues to be vivid and topical.
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Keynes, Hayek, ekonomia, kryzys, gospodarka, keynesizm, szkoła austriacka, Keynes, Hayek, economics, crisis, economy, Keynesian approach, Austrian School
Citation
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, 2015 nr 3, s. 157-181.