Proza tzw. rozrachunków inteligenckich (1946-1949)
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2013-10-01
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Literature of retribution (1946-1949)
Abstract
Tematem rozprawy doktorskiej jest proza tzw. rozrachunków inteligenckich, powstająca w latach 1946-1949. Skoncentrowałam się na – Drewnianym koniu K. Brandysa, Sedanie P. Hertza, Nagrobku S. Otwinowskiego, Sprzysiężeniu S. Kisielewskiego oraz Jeziorze Bodeńskim S. Dygata. W każdej z książek występuje bohater – inteligent, którego postawa wobec świata i Historii jest tematem moich rozważań. Powojenna krytyka literacka zarzucała bohaterom bierność, egocentryzm i rezerwę wobec współczesnych przemian społeczno-politycznych. Dostrzegała w powieściach jedynie próbę określenia roli inteligencji w warunkach historycznego przełomu. Miały stanowić literacki głos samych inteligentów w dyskusji, toczącej się wówczas na łamach prasy, głównie „Kuźnicy”, na temat zadań, jakim ta grupa społeczna musi sprostać w ustroju politycznym, który pojawił się po 1945r. w Polsce. I co istotne – ten głos był wymierzony w samą inteligencję – miał charakter samokrytyki. Praca pokazuje, że taki sposób odczytywania literatury rozrachunkowej nie jest wystarczający. Kluczem interpretacyjnym, jaki wykorzystywała krytyka literacka z lat czterdziestych, była ideologia marksistowska, a wnioski, do jakich doszli badacze, zawężają problematykę utworów. Dzieła nie mówią jedynie o doświadczeniach jednej warstwy społecznej, ale poruszają kwestie uniwersalne, związane z ludzką egzystencją w ogóle i relacją, łączącą jednostkę ze społeczeństwem i światem. Kategorią, która umożliwia ich wydobycie, jest melancholia. Dzięki niej, mogłam opisać kondycję psychologiczną, egzystencjalną i społeczną ukazanego w powieściach inteligenta oraz pokazać, że jest jednostką bardziej skomplikowaną i niejednoznaczną niż sądzili krytycy z lat czterdziestych. Wykorzystanie melancholijnej perspektywy wzbogaciło tradycyjne odczytanie omawianego nurtu o nowy kontekst i pozwoliło zrehabilitować sportretowanego w nim inteligenta. Rozprawa jest polemiką z tym sposobem interpretacji tekstów rozrachunkowych, jaki obowiązywał w pierwszym powojennym dziesięcioleciu i stanowi propozycję nowego modelu ich analizy.
The subject of my doctoral dissertation is so-called “literature of retribution” written between 1946-1948. I focused on the following texts: Drewniany koń (The wooden horse) by K. Brandys, Sedan by P. Hertz, Nagrobek by S. Otwinowski, Sprzysiężenie by S. Kisielewski and Jezioro Bodeńskie (Lake Constance) by S. Dygat. In each of the abovementioned books there is a character - an intellectual, whose attitude towards the world and History is the subject of my reflections. The post-war literary criticism accused the characters I analyse of passivity, self-centeredness and reserve towards contemporary socio-political transformations. The only issue seen by the critics was the attempt to establish the role of the Intelligentsia in the time of a historic breakthrough. According to them, the novels were supposed to constitute a literary voice of the intellectuals themselves - a voice in the press discussion (mainly in Kuźnica) on the tasks this social class was supposed to perform in the political system in Poland after 1945. What is important - this voice was not supportive of the Intelligentsia - it was rather self-critical. My dissertation shows that this way of understanding literature of retribution is not adequate. It becomes obvious that the interpretative key used by the literary criticism of 1940s to analyse these novels was Marxist ideology. Also, the conclusions reached at that time by the researchers narrow down the issues touched upon in these novels to a great extent. These particular literary works do not touch upon the problems of one social class only- they deal with issues universal in their character, connected with the human existence in general and the relationship between an individual, the society and the world. The category I used to extract the universal issues from the analysed literary works was melancholy. With the use of melancholy I was able to describe the mental, existential and social condition of the intellectual, and to show their being much more complex and ambiguous individuals than the critics form 1940s thought. The use of the melancholic perspective enriched the traditional interpretation of so-called literature of retribution with new context and it allowed to rehabilitate the portrayed intellectual. Thanks to this, the dissertation becomes a polemic with the way of interpreting the so-called literature of retribution that was present in the ten years immediately following World War Two and constitutes a suggestion of a new model for its analysis.
The subject of my doctoral dissertation is so-called “literature of retribution” written between 1946-1948. I focused on the following texts: Drewniany koń (The wooden horse) by K. Brandys, Sedan by P. Hertz, Nagrobek by S. Otwinowski, Sprzysiężenie by S. Kisielewski and Jezioro Bodeńskie (Lake Constance) by S. Dygat. In each of the abovementioned books there is a character - an intellectual, whose attitude towards the world and History is the subject of my reflections. The post-war literary criticism accused the characters I analyse of passivity, self-centeredness and reserve towards contemporary socio-political transformations. The only issue seen by the critics was the attempt to establish the role of the Intelligentsia in the time of a historic breakthrough. According to them, the novels were supposed to constitute a literary voice of the intellectuals themselves - a voice in the press discussion (mainly in Kuźnica) on the tasks this social class was supposed to perform in the political system in Poland after 1945. What is important - this voice was not supportive of the Intelligentsia - it was rather self-critical. My dissertation shows that this way of understanding literature of retribution is not adequate. It becomes obvious that the interpretative key used by the literary criticism of 1940s to analyse these novels was Marxist ideology. Also, the conclusions reached at that time by the researchers narrow down the issues touched upon in these novels to a great extent. These particular literary works do not touch upon the problems of one social class only- they deal with issues universal in their character, connected with the human existence in general and the relationship between an individual, the society and the world. The category I used to extract the universal issues from the analysed literary works was melancholy. With the use of melancholy I was able to describe the mental, existential and social condition of the intellectual, and to show their being much more complex and ambiguous individuals than the critics form 1940s thought. The use of the melancholic perspective enriched the traditional interpretation of so-called literature of retribution with new context and it allowed to rehabilitate the portrayed intellectual. Thanks to this, the dissertation becomes a polemic with the way of interpreting the so-called literature of retribution that was present in the ten years immediately following World War Two and constitutes a suggestion of a new model for its analysis.
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Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej UAM w Poznaniu: Zakład Semiotyki Literatury
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Keywords
Literatura rozrachunkowa, Literature of retribution, Inteligent, the intellectual, Melancholia, Melancholy, Powojenna krytyka literacka, the post-war literary criticism, Kuźnica