Wielkie retabula snycerskie w Wielkopolsce doby Wazów
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Date
2023
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Great woodcarving Altarpieces in Greater Poland during the Vasa era
Abstract
Przedmiotem rozprawy są tzw. wielkie drewniane nastawy ołtarzowe, wykonane do kościołów katolickich na terenie Wielkopolski w latach 1580–1660, gdzie w stosunkowo krótkim czasie powstały liczne retabula o bogatej oprawie dekoracyjnej. Zasadniczym problemem, który został omówiony była kwestia ich odrębności. Przeprowadzone badania koncentrowały się na trzech obszarach: zleceniodawcy, wykonawcy oraz specyfika omawianych prac. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że za zleceniami stały wykształcone (zwykle przez jezuitów) nowe, katolickie elity, którym zależało na budowaniu prestiżu, pozycji rodu, zamanifestowaniu religijności, a tym samym lojalności wobec władcy. Istotną rolę odegrał ród Opalińskich oraz osoby z nim związane. Wielkopolska była w XVI w. obszarem o słabym potencjale rzeźbiarskim. Realizacja zleceń była możliwa dzięki pojawieniu się na tym terenie rzeźbiarzy, głównie z niemieckich terenów objętych wojną trzydziestoletnią. Wnieśli oni do miejscowej snycerki nowe praktyki. Wielkopolskie retabula wyróżnia rzeźbiarska dekoracyjność ornamentalna, w szczególności w partiach uszaków oraz wczesne zastosowanie ornamentu chrząstkowo-małżowinowego. Porównanie z nastawami z regionów ościennych dowodzi oryginalności rozwiązań wielkopolskich. Dysertacja buduje nowy obraz snycerki na terenach Rzeczypospolitej tego czasu i przywraca należne miejsce rzeźbie ołtarzowej z Wielkopolski.
The subject of the dissertation are the great wooden altar retables, made for the Catholic churches in GP (1580-1660). The fundamental problem discussed in the thesis was the question of their distinctiveness. The conducted research are focused on three areas: the principal, the contractor and the specifics of the retables in question. The research shows that behind the commissions were educated new Catholic elites (being usually the Jesuit school alumni), who toke care to raise the prestige and position of their family, and manifested their religious devotion, and thus loyalty to the ruler. The Opalinski family and others, associated with this family, played an important role. GP was in the 16th c. an area of week sculptural potential. The fulfillment of commissions was made possible by the arrival to GP the sculptors originating mainly from the German regions affected by the Thirty Years' War. They brought new practices to local woodcarving. The retables from GP region are distinguished by the decorativeness of sculptural ornaments, especially on wings, as well as the early use of auricular ornamentation. Comparison with retables from neighboring regions proves the originality of solutions in GP. The dissertation presents a new picture of woodcarving in the territories of the Commonwealth of Poland of that time and restores the rightful place of altar sculpture in GP.
The subject of the dissertation are the great wooden altar retables, made for the Catholic churches in GP (1580-1660). The fundamental problem discussed in the thesis was the question of their distinctiveness. The conducted research are focused on three areas: the principal, the contractor and the specifics of the retables in question. The research shows that behind the commissions were educated new Catholic elites (being usually the Jesuit school alumni), who toke care to raise the prestige and position of their family, and manifested their religious devotion, and thus loyalty to the ruler. The Opalinski family and others, associated with this family, played an important role. GP was in the 16th c. an area of week sculptural potential. The fulfillment of commissions was made possible by the arrival to GP the sculptors originating mainly from the German regions affected by the Thirty Years' War. They brought new practices to local woodcarving. The retables from GP region are distinguished by the decorativeness of sculptural ornaments, especially on wings, as well as the early use of auricular ornamentation. Comparison with retables from neighboring regions proves the originality of solutions in GP. The dissertation presents a new picture of woodcarving in the territories of the Commonwealth of Poland of that time and restores the rightful place of altar sculpture in GP.
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Wydział Nauk o Sztuce
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Keywords
Wielkopolska, nastawa ołtarzowa, snycerka, XVII wiek, Greater Poland, retable, woodcarving, 17th century