Rola polityczna i dworska Nefertiti w Okresie Amarneńskim
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Date
2018
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The political and court role of Nefertiti in the Amarna Period
Abstract
Celem dysertacji było określenie ról i funkcji Nefertiti w polityce i na dworze amarneńskim – zarówno w czasach panowania jej męża, jak i po jego śmierci. Głównymi źródłami wykorzystanymi w niniejszej pracy są reliefy, rzeźby i inskrypcje odkryte na terenie dawnego Achetaton, ale także te pochodzące z Hermopolis czy Teb. Nefertiti może poszczycić się jedną z najbardziej rozbudowanych tytulatur spośród egipskich władczyń. Tytuły nawiązują do cech królowej, jej władzy i wpływów oraz pozycji na królewskim dworze. Bardzo ważny okazał się kanon przedstawień Nefertiti. Na reliefach władczyni uwieczniano z atrybutami najwyższej władzy oraz w koronach, w których dotychczas ukazywano wyłącznie faraonów. Królową przedstawiano również w scenach będących pierwotnie zarezerwowanymi wyłącznie dla męskiego władcy. W pierwszych latach rządów męża Nefertiti była przedstawiana jako zwyczajna Wielka Królewska Małżonka. Około 15./16. roku panowania Achenatona zmarł Semenchkare – koregent i prawdopodobnie młodszy brat faraona. Nefertiti objęła funkcję współwładcy i rządziła jako Neferneferuaten Anchetchperure, aby po śmierci małżonka objąć egipski tron jako faraon Neferneferuaton Anchcheperure. Dla ustalenia nowych faktów na temat życia królowej jak i samej rodziny amarneńskiej bardzo istotne okazały się m.in.: najnowsze badania DNA amarneńskich mumii, odkrycie z wadi Dayr Abu Hinnis oraz nowe odkrycia i ustalenia związane z postacią Dahamunzu.
The main aim of this PhD dissertation is an attempt to determine the place of Nefertiti in the politics of the Amarna Period as well as the role of the queen on the royal court. The bases of the researches were archaeological artefacts like reliefs, sculptures and inscriptions which were found in Akhetaten, Hermopolis or Thebes. One of the highly crucial issues was analysing the titulary of the queen. Nefertiti was described by a lot of phrases which were connected to her beauty, power and influences, her relationship which Akhenaten and also with the country. The highly significant for conducting the analysis was iconography. Nefertiti appears in scenes so far reserved only for the pharaoh. She was portrayed with a sword in her hand in order to control the chaos, or she destroyed the enemies of Egypt as a sphinx. She was shown driving the chariot alone and attributes of the supreme power were represented next to her. In the first years of the Akhenaten‘s rule, Nefertiti was represented as a regular queen – The Great Wife of the King. After 15./16. years of her husband‘s reign the role and function of Nefertiti started evolving rapidly. After Semenkhare’s death, who was Akhenaten co-ruler and perhaps younger brother, the queen has taken over the throne – firstly as a co-ruler of her husband – Neferneferuaten Ankhetkheperure, and secondly – after his death – as a pharaoh Neferneferuaten Ankhkheperure. Due to a lot of new researches like DNA analysis of Amarna mummies, the discovery from the great wadi Dayr Abu Hinnis, discoveries connected with so-called Dakhamunzu affair, we command numerous new facts using which we can reconstruct Nefertiti history from a scratch.
The main aim of this PhD dissertation is an attempt to determine the place of Nefertiti in the politics of the Amarna Period as well as the role of the queen on the royal court. The bases of the researches were archaeological artefacts like reliefs, sculptures and inscriptions which were found in Akhetaten, Hermopolis or Thebes. One of the highly crucial issues was analysing the titulary of the queen. Nefertiti was described by a lot of phrases which were connected to her beauty, power and influences, her relationship which Akhenaten and also with the country. The highly significant for conducting the analysis was iconography. Nefertiti appears in scenes so far reserved only for the pharaoh. She was portrayed with a sword in her hand in order to control the chaos, or she destroyed the enemies of Egypt as a sphinx. She was shown driving the chariot alone and attributes of the supreme power were represented next to her. In the first years of the Akhenaten‘s rule, Nefertiti was represented as a regular queen – The Great Wife of the King. After 15./16. years of her husband‘s reign the role and function of Nefertiti started evolving rapidly. After Semenkhare’s death, who was Akhenaten co-ruler and perhaps younger brother, the queen has taken over the throne – firstly as a co-ruler of her husband – Neferneferuaten Ankhetkheperure, and secondly – after his death – as a pharaoh Neferneferuaten Ankhkheperure. Due to a lot of new researches like DNA analysis of Amarna mummies, the discovery from the great wadi Dayr Abu Hinnis, discoveries connected with so-called Dakhamunzu affair, we command numerous new facts using which we can reconstruct Nefertiti history from a scratch.
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Keywords
Nefertiti, Achenaton, Akhenaten, Amarna, koregencja, coregency, sukcesja, succession