Rozwój przestrzenny XIII-wiecznych miast Wielkopolski
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Spatial development of the 13th century towns from the Great Poland
Abstract
Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest rozwój przestrzenny najstarszych miast lokacyjnych Wielkopolski. Badaniami objęto ośrodki założone od lat 30-tych XIII w. do 1279 r. Analizy wskazują, że precyzyjnie wybierano miejsce pod przyszłe miasto oraz wytyczano je w oparciu o stworzony wcześniej plan. Nadawano miastu regularny kształt – w samym środku umieszczano czworoboczny rynek, a całemu założeniu nadawano zasięg owalny. Przebieg dróg dostosowywano do istniejących połączeń komunikacyjnych. Podobieństwa między różnymi ośrodkami książęcymi wskazują, że całość była odgórnie zaplanowana i nadzorowana przez władcę – właściciela miejscowości, który kreując przestrzeń narzucał swoją wolę i symbolicznie manifestował swoją władzę. Precyzja przy tyczeniu miast wskazuje na zaangażowanie mierniczych podczas planowania i wytyczania granic. Ze Śląska zaczerpnięto wiedzę na temat lokowania miast – nie tylko aspektu prawnego, ale również przestrzennego. Jednak ten drugi stanowił inspirację, a nie sztywne ramy, dlatego tworzono indywidualne plany i wypracowano swoje rozwiązania. W Wielkopolsce częściej stosowano miasta z kwadratowymi rynkami, co było miejscowym rozwiązaniem. Zakładając miasto kierowano się względami ekonomicznymi i utylitaryzmem – odległości między miastami musiały mieścić się w pewnych ramach, działki mieszczańskie musiały zapewnić podstawowe potrzeby, całość musiała być rozplanowana tak, by w mieście się wygodnie mieszkało. W rezultacie uzyskano obraz miast, które zmieniały się w czasie. Stanowi to punkt wyjścia do dalszych badań nad wielkopolskimi miastami.
My PhD dissertation is devoted to the lay out and spatial development of the oldest towns from the Great Poland, located till 1279. It deals with the problem of archaeological and historical study of medieval town. Many types of sources devoted to towns past and space were used. The sources gathered enabled the author to put forward a few research hypotheses. The firtst one holds that the oldest towns were placed according to a carefully planned scheme and with great precision. A given rules and schemes were used, hence the repetitiveness of patterns. The lay out, spatial development and in some cases modernisation of infrastructure can be reconstructed. Moreover the place for future town was precisely chosen. In the medieval town each and every aspect was carefully planned and wellthought- out, but sometimes it was modified due to terrain shape. Its lay out was not accidental. Town was created with a substantial dose of precision and accuracy. Market square was precisely lied out, roads were turned straight to the nearby towns and plots were created for townsmen. Next generations interpreted landscape on their own and occassionally changed the lay out of town. Thanks to the settlement research using especially archaeological excavations it is possible to estimate the area which was used by men in various periods. The contemporary appearance of towns is a product of thought materialisation in the living space. That is why the lanscape of towns can be analysed. The medieval range of the located town is visible in contemporary landscape and in division of plots. This tended to be the final product of human thought and idea.
My PhD dissertation is devoted to the lay out and spatial development of the oldest towns from the Great Poland, located till 1279. It deals with the problem of archaeological and historical study of medieval town. Many types of sources devoted to towns past and space were used. The sources gathered enabled the author to put forward a few research hypotheses. The firtst one holds that the oldest towns were placed according to a carefully planned scheme and with great precision. A given rules and schemes were used, hence the repetitiveness of patterns. The lay out, spatial development and in some cases modernisation of infrastructure can be reconstructed. Moreover the place for future town was precisely chosen. In the medieval town each and every aspect was carefully planned and wellthought- out, but sometimes it was modified due to terrain shape. Its lay out was not accidental. Town was created with a substantial dose of precision and accuracy. Market square was precisely lied out, roads were turned straight to the nearby towns and plots were created for townsmen. Next generations interpreted landscape on their own and occassionally changed the lay out of town. Thanks to the settlement research using especially archaeological excavations it is possible to estimate the area which was used by men in various periods. The contemporary appearance of towns is a product of thought materialisation in the living space. That is why the lanscape of towns can be analysed. The medieval range of the located town is visible in contemporary landscape and in division of plots. This tended to be the final product of human thought and idea.
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Wydział Historyczny
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Keywords
rozplanowanie, lay out, rozwój przestrzenny, spatial development, miasta lokacyjne, location towns