Chorzy, niepełnosprawni we wczesnośredniowiecznym Culmine. Studium archeologiczno-antropolgiczne
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2015-12-29
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The Ills, the Disabled in the Early Medieval Culmine. The Archaeological and Anthropological Perspective
Abstract
Tematem pracy jest postrzeganie chorych i niepełnosprawnych we wczesnośredniowiecznym (X wiek – początki XIII wieku) Culmine znajdującym się na pograniczu ziem polskich z ziemiami plemion pruskich. Wykorzystano metody jakościowo-ilościowe analizy materiałów osteologicznych, archeologicznych i etnograficznych w ujęciu synchronicznym i diachronicznym. Badania wykazały, że chorzy i niepełnosprawni mogli być postrzegani neutralnie. Jednak osoby, które stały się niepełnosprawne w wyniku kary okaleczającej mogły być postrzegane negatywnie. Choroby mogły być nazywane od ich przyczyn i symptomów. Aczkolwiek częściej postrzegano choroby przez pryzmat ich przyczyn niż symptomów W każdej fazie zamieszkiwania Culmine funkcjonowały inne klasyfikacje przyczyn i symptomów chorób. Analizy synchroniczne wykazały, że płeć miała kluczowe znaczenie dla rozwoju chorób, zaś analizy diachroniczne, że był to wiek. Chorzy i niepełnosprawni poddawani byli zróżnicowanemu obrządkowi pogrzebowemu w zależności od statusu społecznego, pełnionych za życia ról społecznych i czynów nie zaś z powodu swoich schorzeń. W grobach komorowych związanych z elitą społeczną częściej chowano osoby bez znaczących schorzeń. Chorzy i niepełnosprawni mogli należeć do różnych warstw społecznych. Nie byli grzebani w grobach atypowych i antywampirycznych ze względu na swoje schorzenia. Nie byli źle postrzegani i marginalizowani w społeczeństwie. Prawdopodobnie społeczeństwo przyzwyczaiło się do ich odmiennego wyglądu czy funkcjonowania i dlatego ich akceptowało.
The main topic of the dissertation is to gain comprehensive knowledge on perception of the ills and the disabled in the early medieval (10th-13th century) Culmine. Culmine was set on the border of Polish state with Prussian tribes lands. The research assumes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of osteological, archaeological and ethnographic materials in spatial and chronological dimension. The research showed that the ills and the disabled were perceived in neutral way unless they were impaired as a result of punishment. The illnesses were named after their causes and symptoms. The illnesses were perceived more often on the base of their causes than symptoms. Different classifications of illnesses were used. Synchronic analysis showed that it was gender that had the biggest impact on the illnesses. Diachronic analysis showed that it was age. The ills and the disabled had different burial customs that depended on their social status, social roles and achievements. More often people without significant illnesses were buried in chamber graves that are associated with local elite. The ills and the disabled could have belonged to different social layers. The ills and the disabled were not buried in atypical and anti-vampire graves because of their health conditions. The medieval society did not feared of the ills and the disabled and therefore did not excluded and marginalised them. With all probability the members of the society were accustomed to the different appearance and behaviour of the ills and the disabled.
The main topic of the dissertation is to gain comprehensive knowledge on perception of the ills and the disabled in the early medieval (10th-13th century) Culmine. Culmine was set on the border of Polish state with Prussian tribes lands. The research assumes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of osteological, archaeological and ethnographic materials in spatial and chronological dimension. The research showed that the ills and the disabled were perceived in neutral way unless they were impaired as a result of punishment. The illnesses were named after their causes and symptoms. The illnesses were perceived more often on the base of their causes than symptoms. Different classifications of illnesses were used. Synchronic analysis showed that it was gender that had the biggest impact on the illnesses. Diachronic analysis showed that it was age. The ills and the disabled had different burial customs that depended on their social status, social roles and achievements. More often people without significant illnesses were buried in chamber graves that are associated with local elite. The ills and the disabled could have belonged to different social layers. The ills and the disabled were not buried in atypical and anti-vampire graves because of their health conditions. The medieval society did not feared of the ills and the disabled and therefore did not excluded and marginalised them. With all probability the members of the society were accustomed to the different appearance and behaviour of the ills and the disabled.
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choroba, illness, niepełnosprawność, disability, archeologia, archaeology, paleopatologia, paleopathology, wczesne średniowiecze, Middle Ages