Feminizm amerykański trzeciej fali – zmiana i kontynuacja
Loading...
Date
2011
Authors
Advisor
Editor
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM
Title alternative
American Feminism – the Third Wave. The Change and Continuation
Abstract
The history of American women fighting for equal rights dates back to the 18th century,
when in Boston, in 1770, they voiced the demand that the status of women be changed. Abigail
Adams, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke and Frances Wright are considered to have pioneered
American feminism. An organized suffrage movement is assumed to have originated
at the convention Elizabeth Stanton organized in Seneca Falls in 1848. This convention
passed a Declaration of Sentiments, which criticized the American Declaration of Independence
as it excluded women. The most prominent success achieved in this period was the US
Congress passing the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to
vote.
The 1960s saw the second wave of feminism, resulting from disappointment with the hitherto
promotion of equality. The second-wave feminists claimed that the legal reforms did not
provide women with the changes they expected. As feminists voiced the need to feminize the
world, they struggled for social customs to change and gender stereotypes to be abandoned.
They criticized the patriarchal model of American society, blaming this model for reducing
the social role of women to that of a mother, wife and housewife. They pointed to patriarchal
ideology, rather than nature, as the source of the inequality of sexes. The leading representatives
of the second wave of feminism were Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization
for Women), Kate Millet (who wrote Sexual Politics), and Shulamith Firestone (the
author of The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution).
The 1990s came to be called the third wave of feminism, characterized by multiple cultures,
ethnic identities, races and religions, thereby becoming a heterogenic movement. The
third-wave feminists, Rebecca Walker and Bell Hooks, represented groups of women who
had formerly been denied the right to join the movement, for example due to racial discrimination.
They believed that there was not one ‘common interest of all women’ but called for leaving
no group out in the fight for the equality of women’s rights. They asked that the process of
women’s emancipation that began with the first wave embrace and approve of the diversity of
the multiethnic American society.
Description
Sponsor
Keywords
Citation
Przegląd Politologiczny, 2011, nr 2, s. 19-27.
Seria
ISBN
ISSN
1426-8876