Dwór a wieś folwarczna w Poznańskiem w II połowie XIX i na początku XX w.
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Date
2018
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The manor and the „manor village” in Poznań province in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century
Abstract
Celem pracy jest wszechstronne przedstawienie relacji dworu i wsi folwarcznej w Poznańskiem w II poł. XIX i na pocz. XX w., które, mimo kluczowego znaczenia dla dokonującego się wówczas procesu modernizacji stosunków społecznych, były słabo opracowane w dotychczasowej literaturze. Pod pojęciem „dwór” rozumiemy tu polskich i niemieckich właścicieli ziemskich oraz podległą im folwarczną administrację, „wieś folwarczna” to sąsiadujące z folwarkiem kolonie robotnicze zamieszkałe przez stałych robotników rolnych. Analiza źródeł podworskich, materiałów urzędowych oraz literatury i publicystyki z epoki, pozwoliła ukazać powyższe relacje na kilku kluczowych płaszczyznach – zatrudnienia i pracy, płac oraz warunków socjalno-bytowych, umieszczonych na tle polskiej i niemieckiej literatury i publicystyki ziemiańskiej oraz stosunków w sąsiednich prowincjach pruskich. Jak wykazano, względne przeludnienie wsi, w połączeniu z upośledzeniem prawnym robotnika rolnego, sprawiało, że położenie ludności folwarcznej długo nie było przedmiotem większej troski ze strony ziemian i zaliczało się do najgorszych na całym pruskim wschodzie. Wszechstronna poprawa w tym zakresie nastąpiła dopiero pod wpływem rozwijającej się od k. XIX w. masowej emigracji do zachodnich obszarów Niemiec, gdy groźba braku rąk do pracy zmusiła ziemian do częściowego przewartościowania dotychczasowego postępowania.
The aim of the paper is to present thoroughly the relations between the manor and the manor village in the Poznań district in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, which, in spite of their key importance for the process of modernization of social relations of the time, have been poorly elaborated in the literature so far. As the term “manor” we mean Polish and German landowners and subordinate to them manor administration; “manor village” means workers’ settlements (colonies), neighbouring to the manor and inhabited by permanent farm workers. Thanks to the analysis of archival estate sources, official materials as well as literature and press articles from the epoch, it was possible to show the above relations on some key planes: employment and work, wages and social-living conditions, placed against the background of Polish and German manorial literature and journalism as well as the relations in the neighbouring Prussian provinces. As it has been shown, the relative overpopulation of the village combined with the fact that the farm workers were a legally deprived group of society, caused that the situation of manor village people for a long time was not a subject of great concern of the landowners and was one of the worst in the whole Prussian East. The thorough improvement of that situation took place only at the end of the 19th century, which was caused by occurring then mass emigration to the west of Germany, when the threat of being short-handed forced landowners to partly redefine their former behaviour.
The aim of the paper is to present thoroughly the relations between the manor and the manor village in the Poznań district in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, which, in spite of their key importance for the process of modernization of social relations of the time, have been poorly elaborated in the literature so far. As the term “manor” we mean Polish and German landowners and subordinate to them manor administration; “manor village” means workers’ settlements (colonies), neighbouring to the manor and inhabited by permanent farm workers. Thanks to the analysis of archival estate sources, official materials as well as literature and press articles from the epoch, it was possible to show the above relations on some key planes: employment and work, wages and social-living conditions, placed against the background of Polish and German manorial literature and journalism as well as the relations in the neighbouring Prussian provinces. As it has been shown, the relative overpopulation of the village combined with the fact that the farm workers were a legally deprived group of society, caused that the situation of manor village people for a long time was not a subject of great concern of the landowners and was one of the worst in the whole Prussian East. The thorough improvement of that situation took place only at the end of the 19th century, which was caused by occurring then mass emigration to the west of Germany, when the threat of being short-handed forced landowners to partly redefine their former behaviour.
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dwór, manor, wieś folwarczna, landowners, ziemianie, robotnicy rolni, agricultural workers