Dobroczynność względem sierot na ziemiach polskich
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Date
2012
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Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk we współpracy z Zakładem Historii Wychowania, WSE UAM
Title alternative
Charity Care of Orphaned Children in the Polish Territories Until
Abstract
Since the baptism of Poland up to 1918, the social care of orphans was diversified. Until the
annexations, the care of parentless children in the Polish territories had been environmental and
stemmed from voluntary and charitable actions taken up mostly by the Church. The creation of
children wards in hospitals and shelters, and the establishment of children’s households in Warsaw
as a result of father G. Baudounin’s initiative, might be considered as prototype actions in the
complete institutional care of orphaned children.
However, during the time of annexations, the situation of orphans became significantly diversified
because it depended on the invaders’ policy and the citizens’ activity. Thus, on the one hand, it was
created by the occupying country, on the other, it was shaped by tradition. In the territories of each
of the conquerors there were periods of liberalization of law, which rendered it possible, at least to
some degree, to follow Polish concepts. These were mostly based on philanthropy, charity religious
groups, associations and individuals.
It needs to be stated that at the beginning of the 21st century, in all of the partitioned territories, the
orphanages were governed by obsolete regulations although tried out in other countries.
In each of the annexed parts of Poland, the educational and caring actions stemmed from the acquired
legislative system. Under the Austrian occupation it was the commune that had the duty of taking
care of the parentless children as it was stated in the act passed on 3rd December 1863. In the
Prussian part of Poland, the commune’s duty of taking care of the orphans was stated in the act
passed in July 1870. It is worth mentioning that the legislative in Prussia was very similar to the
Austrian one. The only difference between them was their effectiveness – it was far more efficient
in the Prussian province.
Under the Russian invasion the regulations concerning the orphanages were quite different. Since
the resolution from 1817, the public care of orphans relied on the good will of the society. It was not
until the ruling from 1870 that the city councils of public philanthropy, supervising such institutions,
were brought to life.
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At the turn of the 19th century in Poland, especially among social and educational activists, the
problem of children’s care became more popular. The necessity of providing care through social
actions based on the law was discerned.
During World War I, the problem of orphanhood achieved a new dimension, the so-called war
orphanhood. It was not effectively taken care of until the end of the war.
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Keywords
Charity Care of Children, Poland, 20th Century
Citation
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, 2011, nr 27, s. 19-31.
Seria
ISBN
ISSN
1233-2224