Browsing by Author "Ratajczak, Klemens"
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Item Dynamika płac oraz wydajności pracy w Państwowych Gospodarstwach Rolnych w latach 1955—1960(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1963) Ratajczak, KlemensItem Efektywność produkcyjno-ekonomiczna gospodarstw rolnych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1983) Ratajczak, KlemensAt the beginning of the article the author makes an assumption that agrarian policies aiming at developing and transforming structures of agriculture must be in agreement with economic principles and cassations ruling that baranach of economy. Accordingly to the assumption made, all types of farms are subjected to the economic assessment throughout the [period of twenty years (1960 - 1980) of their activity in the respect of the dynamics of their developement and effectiveness of such factors of production as land, labor and productive capital. On the grounds of the statistical data the author can draw a conclusion that the developement of particular types of farms was not in keeping with their productive and economic effects. Supra economic factors exercised powerful effect on the developement. This resulted in taking no account of costs in decisionmaking in the scope of production and its organization. This phenomenon can be particularly seen in State farms and in cooperatives. In place of the efficient farms there were huge structures emerging lacking effectiveness in management and in production. Links of cooperation between scattered individual farms and extensively concentrated collective farms were broken. A vast productional potential was accumulated in collective farms and its reserves could not have been ulsed until now.Item Normy a system akordowy Państwowych Gospodarstwach Rolnych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1962) Ratajczak, KlemensItem Ocena roli i skutków reformy rolnej w Polsce Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1985) Ratajczak, KlemensThe article is an attempt at an evaluation of the role and effects of the land reform on farming in the course of the past forty years of its development. At the starting point of the evaluation is a presentation of the views dominating our economic policy, views on the very expediency of conducting land reform. In this part of the article, the author discusses the specific socio-economic conditions in the Polish village after World War II, and the expediency of conducting a land reform at the time, particularly in vew of economic considerations. The next part of the author's reflections is a presentation of the course of the reform itself, taking into account its specific nature in different parts of the country. The author pays a singular attention to the formation of a new land structure, within the individual sector and between it and the socialized one. Furthermore, the author notices the great usefulness, in Polish conditions, of farms of a family type. This usefulness is seen mainly in the farms'substantial economic activity and in their low capital absorption. In a further part of the article, the author attempts to evaluate the succeding stages of farming policy, dealing with the concepts of co-operative, state and co- -operative group farming. All those attempts lead to the working out the policy of a single agriculture, initiated in 1980. An expression of this policy is found in the introduction of the economic reform into farming.Item Proces rozdrabniania gospodarstw i jego wpływ na socjalistyczną przebudowę wsi w woj. poznańskim(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1961) Ratajczak, KlemensItem Przesłanki i bariery realizacji reformy gospodarczej w warunkach nierównowagi rynkowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1987) Ratajczak, KlemensAssuming that the economic reform in Poland is the process encompassing the whole system, the author attempts to present the causative factors of both accomplishments and difficulties in implementing the reform. Having carried out a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of the unbalanced market and of the producer's market as the main barriers for harmonious and dynamic socio-economical development of the country, the author justifies the thesis that the causes of the existence of those obstacles should not be sought only in hitherto applied systems of managing the economy, since those barriers existed both before the introduction of the economic reform as well as during its functioning. Further parts of the article are concerned with the sources of the lack of the economical balance of the country, both dependent and independent of the economic reform. Much attention has been devoted to the problems of the areas into which the reform has been introduced and of those which remain beyond its reach. Taking the contribution of the State budget to the national income, its section-branch structure and the directions of distribution as the measures delimiting those areas, the author states that in order to redress the market balance the economic reform should be introduced also to other areas and that most of the present budgetary units should be subordinated to the direct production sphere. It means that the incomes of such units must be placed in the phase of the primary distribution of the national income to a greater extent than it has been so far. It should be favourable to the improvement of supply, the structure of employment and to social productivityItem Przyczyny zagrożenia realizacji reformy gospodarczej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Ratajczak, KlemensThe constant decrease of effectiveness of the command and distributive system of management was the reason of a decision to reform mechanisms regulating the socio-economic activity of enterprises and institutions of the State. Imperfections of that model were manifested in the declining activity, productional and economic effectiveness of enterprises, worsening allocation of means, deceleration in the increase of effectiveness, deproductioning of labor at a fast rate, drop in motivation to work and deepenning market disequilibrium. Fostering the command and distributive system resulted in the aggravation of its inner contradictions. These were seen in the replacement of economic laws with written laws removing highly qualified producers and introducing incapable bureaucracy which was often an obstacle to the production. The direct relation between nominal income of citizens and their contribution in the generation of national income was broken. The social opinion concentrated on the division of national income failing in its efforts to produce it. The decision to implement the economic reform expresses the will to counteract these negative results. Complexity is the very nature of the reform. It includes the questions of self-administration, economic independence and self-financing of individual economic units. The reform was reaffirmed by several acts. Yet many dangers became apparent upon its implementation. These are present both in enterprises, where the management is inclined to the previous model of administration and among those decision-makers who feel threatened with the reform.Item Reforma gospodarcza a efektywność rolnictwa(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Ratajczak, KlemensIn the introductory part of the article the author presents the difficult economic situation in Poland and attempts undertaken for overcoming the crisis. Reasons hampering economic growth as well as hopes connected with announced reforms are discussed by the author with reference to agriculture. It results from the analysis that better effects of individual farms are connected with their greater indeipendence in the sphere of economic decisions undertaking as well as consciousness that they work on their own account and at their risk. It resulted in greater interests in production than in socialized farms. The socialized farms have been hedged about with indicators and instructions, many regulations and improper organization. Too big organizational in a from of plants and unions implanited the spirit of officialism among high-qualified cadres leaving them without positive influence an production. The announced economic reform aims at re-introduction of economic independence and responsibility for own results. Equity of prerogatives and encumbrances in all sectores restores the dignity of economic calculus showing the type of a farm, which is better for the society.Item Reforma systemu własności oraz organizacji i zarządzania w PRL(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1989) Ratajczak, KlemensIn the introduction, the author points to a renewed revival of discussions on the economic reform. The discussions stress system and model aspects, especially the system of ownership, organization and management. The impulse for such discussions are, in the author's opinion, continuous instability of the economy, the growth of inflation and market imbalance as well as a threat of a decreased standard of living. Then, the author shows obstacles in the process of development of our economy. Among them he mentions the state monopoly as the most important impediment. The economically efficienc of the state monopoly does not stem from the very fact of its existence but from the fact that it was created by means of tools which have never belonged to the catalogue of the rules of rational economy. From the viewpoint of the rules of rational economy only the forms of ownership, organization and management which will prove to be economicallyefficient should be allowed. Meanwhile, state enterprises were created not because they were economically superior but because enterprises operating in other forms of ownership Were banned or reduced. In further part of his article the author concludes that the essence of socialism should be seen not in the forms of ownership, organization and management but in the degree of satisfying the needs of the society. The discrepancy between the essence of that political system and the praxis of its implementation was one of more important causes of social unrest and protests. The political system in which history has vested the task of quickening the pace of satysfying human needs should not refrain from observing economic instruments and laws, including those concerned with an unrestricted development of different forms of organization and management. Towards the end of his article, the author indicates that in order to achieve the efficiency of functioning of our socio-economic life it is necessary to reform not only the economy itself but also political and ideological spheres of life.. In particular, it is necessary to get rid of the hitherto binding principle of' the primacy of politics over economics.Item Rolnictwo jako stymulator rozwoju gospodarczego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1974) Ratajczak, KlemensIn the first part or his article the author directs our attention to the divergences in the views and standards of appreciating the role of agriculture in the national economy. Three standards are analized in the paper, the share of agriculture in the national income, percentage of population employed in agriculture and share of food articles in the family budget. The author maintains that the most important standard from the market balance point of view is the share of food articles in the family budget. Then the author discusses the problems of production cost, real incomes and work efficiency of agricultural workers and he comes to the conclusion that the increase in production cost resulting from influx of industrial means of production to agriculture may be prevented by reflux of rural population to other professions which should be followed by the process of concentrating of the means of production in all sectors of agriculture.Item Rolnictwo w Polsce Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1984) Ratajczak, KlemensThe article is opened with a presentation of conditions of Polish agriculture at the end of the World War Two. The author also explains reasons of the agrarian reform and its effect on increase of production and economic revival in the country. The author indicates that the reform was not as much a politicai act as the economic one, which resulted in the most rational adjustement of organizational and property relations to the then présent productive forces both in agriculture and in the whole of economy. In he beginning of fifties that most efficient model of agriculture in the Polish conditions was disturbed. That led to stagnation and even to a decline in some branches of agricultural production. A period of removing all negative tendencies present in agrarian policies since 1950 became from 1958 on. The years of 1970 - -1974 were the most prosperous time for the Polish agriculture and its production reached the highest output gains in its all post-war history. Yet, several distortions were not avoided, like unjustified pace of concentration and bureaucratization in managing state farms, insufficient developement of production means of industrial origin for agriculture, departures from the 1970 adopted policy of one agriculture. After 1980 the agricultural policies were set to eliminate those irregularities. It is however carried out under conditions of substantial difficulties connected with the present economic crisis.Item Rozwój rolnictwa w okresie XXXV-lecia Polski Ludowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1980) Ratajczak, KlemensAgriculture belongs to the domains very difficult in appraisal It enables formulation of essentially different opinions. Therefore, the author opens his article with a presention of place and role of argiculture not only in the food economy growth but also in the whole national economy. A low level of agricultural development in the period between (two world wans and then war devastations called for deep reforms. The land reforms was the first act of these «reforms. In the result a model of agriculture concordant in the best way with the level of productive forces was formed. Rightness of that model was conformed by a quick growth of agricultural output in the first years after the war and subsequent failures in developing a capital-consuming model of the socialized economy. Afterwards the problems were gradually normalized, however, without essential changes, It was only 1970, when a visible quantitative and qualitative growth in our agriculture has been marked. The quantitative growth was expressed by a high rate of production growth, especially of animal production. The qualitative growth was connected with development of different forms of co-operation and inter-sectoral collaboration. A more rapid transmission towards a model of concentrated, effective and co-operated agriculture in all its sectors is promoted by some changes which occured in the sphere of labour force due to age of agricultural population and to development of industrial production base for algricultture. A need exists for better utilization of agricultural labour force, growth in its effectiveness and family development, as well as for a new model of country's settlements.Item Teoretyczno-praktyczne przesłanki rozwoju specjalizacji produkcji w rolnictwie(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1979) Ratajczak, KlemensConditions of productions specialization and rationalization in individual agriculture are analyzed in the article. The author analyzes motives and conditions of produotion and points out that only undertakings issuing from rational activity based on calculations can be recognized as rational ones. We can consider rational only such economic activity that is sub-ordinated to realization of one aim, i.e to improvement in input-output relationi. Specialization dis one of ways leading to realization of that goal in agriculture. Specialization is understood by the author as increase in means and measures concentration in one (or unlarge) production direction with the purpose of the most efficient utilization of physical, chemical, biological and economic rights. A condition of compliance of those requirements, especially in individual farms, consists in extension of unconstrained choice of specialization direction and its organization. To that purpose the yield of marketable agricultural produce must be extended not only in a production farm but also in a house-hold. It is hinderred, however, by a high natural consumption that issues — according to the author — from inappropriate functioning of the country's market of foodstuffs. As long as the market of these products does not function properly, conditions for specialization and rationalization of production in an individual farm will not exist.Item Wykształcenie i kwalifikacje pracowników w Państwowych Gospodarstwach Rolnych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM) Ratajczak, Klemens