Browsing by Author "Sandorski, Jan"

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    Międzynarodowa ochrona małżeństwa
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1986) Sandorski, Jan
    The article was prepared within the research scheme on the subject II. 10 of the crucial problem 11.9. The subject is concerned with the protection of family in international law. The international protection of marriage is one of its elements. Numerous international acts (the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) contain provisions from which it results that founding a family follows a conclusion of matrimony. It is emphasised in the article that international law provisions are not limited to the protection of institutionalized family but is also concerned with the natural family. A variety of problems to discuss, which are difficult to settle is related to the issue of marriage protection. One could only mention here religious marriages or a polygamous marriage. Neither in internal nor in international law there exists an exhaustive, explicit and juridically correct definition of family and marriage. The notion of marriage can be therefore reconstructed on the grounds of the provisions related to the rights and obligations of spouses and to conclusion, durability, nullity and cessation of marriage. It follows that marriage is a permanent legal relation linking two persons of a different sex who have concluded a legal transaction known as a conclusion of matrimony, on the basis on family law binding on a given territory, in order to realize social tasks of a family established in that manner. Next, the author presents the development of international norms concerning the protection of marriage, indicating the fact that the protection of married woman's rights was at its origins. The international practice related to marriage stesses strongly the principle of equal rights of a husband and wife. The most elaborated shape was given to that principle in the declaration and convention on abolishing discrimination of women (1967 and 1979). A notice contained in art. 6 of the Declaration might be of some interest in this context, it results from it that the equality should not prejudice the unity of marriage. Another important problem regulated in multilateral agreements is the citizenship of married women. International law favors the conception of the autonomous citizenship of a woman. A husband is thus loosing his leading position in the union. Yet, the marriage should not be grounded on a dominating position of one of the sides. At the end of the article the author discusses the crucial legal questions pertaining conclusion and recognition of matrimony in the light of international law.
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    Międzynarodowa ochrona prawa do wyżywienia
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1990) Michalska, Anna; Sandorski, Jan
    The authors discuss in the first place the international regulations which expressly formulate the right to food, i.e.: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Geneva Conventions and their two Protocols, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and the Universal Declaration on the Eradiction of Hunger and Malnutrition. A legal analysis of Article 11 of the Covenant is made in order to establish: the content of the right to food, the subjects or beneficiaries, the object or duty-holders and mechanisms to promote compliance. In the second part of their article the authors focus their attention on the problem of implementation from the angle of State's obligations. In general terms four obligations may by discerned: an obligation to respect, an obligation to protect, an obligation to ensure and an obligation to promote. The obligation to ensure and an obligation to promote together encompass what traditionally is called "programmatic" obligations with in the framework of economic, social and cultural rights. In the authors' opinion the economic and social rights may also involve elements of obligations to respect and to protect, especially if the right to food is concerned. The authors are not in favour of the idea of drafting a Right to Food Convention. However, what they consider necessary are specyfic conventions or a series of protocols spelling out the normative implications of the rigth to food. Such conventions or protocols are indispensable as the element and the basis of international cooperation for the protection of the rigth to food.
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    NAUKA PRAWA W ŻYCIU I DZIAŁALNOŚCI BOHDANA WINIARSKIEGO
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1999) Sandorski, Jan
    The article is a biographical record of the course of life and scientific activity of Bohdan Winiarski (1884 - 1969). Reminding the lecturer a character o f Professor Winiarski - the Author emphasises his merits in quality of member of the International Court o f Justice and of the Institute of International Law. He recalls next issues o f interest and personal engagement of this eminent expert in international law - not only as a jurist but also as a politician (among others - armed conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland is here recalled). Drawing briefly up the vicissitudes of Winiarski, the Author cites chronologically his successive achievements, most important publications and opinions on the then virtual legal problems of international nature. Largely are also discusses opinions of Winiarski on didactic matters of international law with emphasis laid on the attention which Winiarski had attached to defence of interests of the Polish nation under difficult circumstances of the period between the two world wars (and more especially - against the background of growing conflict between Germany and Russia during thirties).
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    NEKROLOGI
    (2011-03-24T08:00:54Z) Wronkowska, Sławomira;; Zieliński, Maciej;; Sandorski, Jan
    Wspomnienie o Profesorze Leszku Nowaku (Sławomira W r o n k o w s k a, Maciej Z i e l i ń s k i), s. 225-226; Profesor Krzysztof Skubiszewski (1926-2010) (Jan S a n d o r s k i), s. 227-230
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    NEKROLOGI. PROFESOR ANNA MICHALSKA (1940 - 2001)
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2002) Sandorski, Jan
    PROFESOR ANNA MICHALSKA (1940 - 2001)
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    NIEWAŻNOŚĆ ZRZECZENIA SIĘ PRZEZ POLSKĘ REPARACJI WOJENNYCH A NIEMIECKIE ROSZCZENIA ODSZKODOWAWCZE
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2004) Sandorski, Jan
    It has become a bad tradition in the Polish-German relations that from time to time the problem of war reparations and claims for indemnity for the consequences of the Second World War is brought back. It is beyond all doubt that after 1989 neither the Polish diplomacy nor the theory of international law reacted to the fact that the problem of the assumption of German property by Poland after the Second World War was now in a different political context. Western superpowers signed treaties in which they shifted the obligation to pay indemnities to German citizens in connection with war reparations onto the German state. Poland has not managed to negotiate similar regulations with the Federal Republic of Germany. In the present situation, the so-called “treaty path” seems to be the most reasonable solution. It would refer to Józef Pilsudski’s policy, who led to the conclusion of the liquidation agreement between Poland and Germany on 31 October, 1929. After the “zero” effect has been reached in the negotiations with the Federal Republic of Germany the indemnity obligations would be shifted onto the German side in exchange for Polish waiver of war reparations. The question arises whether Poland has the right for them, considering the fact that it relinquished them in 1953. The declaration of the Polish government of 23 August, 1953 was a result of the Soviet dictate, which violated sovereignty of Poland and as a result of which the government of the Polish People’s Republic was not an equal partner for international relations. For that reason, it must be stated that there are serious premises indicating the thesis of invalidity of declaration of 23 August, 1953. The declaration of the government of the Polish People’s Republic of 23 April, 1953 is burdened with a defect in a declaration of will and, due to that, there is no need to withdraw it. The international law does not set any time limit within which an invalidity charge must be submitted. For that reason, the charge may be notified if the need arises. Submitting an invalidity charge of the declaration of 1953 is not equivalent to accepting a thesis about limiting Polish sovereignty during its membership in the Communist block. From the point of view of international law, in the aforementioned period Poland was a sovereign entity. Its home and foreign policy was under a strong political influence of the Soviet Union, which did not change its position in the international law. More than once this influence was clearly against the international law in force, so it was a violation of Polish sovereignty. For this reason, the declaration of 23 August, 1953 should be considered invalid and lacking legal consequences.
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    O niektórych zasadach strukturalnych Rady Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1973) Sandorski, Jan
    Accepté lors de la XXVe Session du CAEM le Programme Complexe de l'approfondissement et du perfectionnement de la coopération et du développement de l'intégration socialiste a déterminé les buts d'imtêgraitiom, à qui visent les Etats membres. Une relation critique envers le degré de l'avancement des processus d'intégration ne peut conduire à l'heure actuelle à nier le caractère d'intégration du CAEM. De point de vue du droit international le problème primordial c'est la structure juridique de l'organisation, dans le cadre de laquelle les buts d'intégration sont réalisés. Sous notion „structure juridique" se comporte un ensemble de normes et de moyens, grâce auxquels l'organisation est en état d'atteindre les buts déterminés pour les Etats, dont la volonté elle est née. La structure juridique, en assumant le rôle auxiliaire envers des contenus économiques de l'activité du CAEM peut influencer de la manière de frein ou de l'accélération sur le rythme de la réalisation des tâches proposées, C'est pourquoi les principes structuraux jouent un rôle essentiel et sur ces principes est appuyée toute la structure juridique de l'organisation. A ce groupe appartient le principe de l'égalité souveraine. Ici on peut poser une question importante concernant le rapport qui existe entre cette égalité et le principe de l'unanimité régnant pendant le vote dans les organes du Conseil, jusqu'à présent sans aucune exception. Dans une partie de la littérature juridique portant sur CAEM on a accepté une fausse opinion que le manque du principe de l'unanimité est toujours une limitation du principe de l'égalité souveraine. Cependant cette opinion ne sera juste que dans le cas, où l'organe prend les décisions non seulement à la majorité de voix mais aussi ces décisions obligent les Etats directement, or sans les reconnaître par les Etats et donnant une possibilité du refus de cette reconnaissance. La possibilité de l'dna demission à la prise des decisions du CAEM en employant un veto par un des Etats, ce qui est un effet péjoratif du principe de l'unanimité, cause une limitation importante des propositions de l'organisation. Le fait que le principe de l'unanimité oblige seulement les Etats intéressés ne change rien dans cette situation. Les problèmes de l'unanimité et de l'intérêt constituent un prisme où se brisent et mettent en évidence les difficultés liées à la réalisation de nouvelles tâches d'intégration et résultant des différences dans les niveaux économiques et aussi des divergences d'opinions quant aux voies du développement ultérieur. L'article IV du Statut sert à ces Etats, qui ne sont pas intéressés à l'intensification des processus d'intégration. Ainsi il rend difficile l'introduction des formes supérieures de l'intégration. Dans les conditions actuelles il n'existe pas de moyens juridiques, qui rendent possible l'élimination effective d'une opposition de l'Etat qui s'est déclaré comme intéressé. Or, dans le cas où les consultations faites lors des sessions des organes du CAEM n'apportent pas des résultats attendus, alors les Etats intéressés positivement doivent prendre une initiative hors du cadre de l'organisation. Mais cette résolution affaiblit l'importance du Conseil comme une organisation tendant à une centralisation maximale ides efforts économiques des Etats membres. Quand un Etat se déclare comme intéressé négativement, cela peut être en opposition au principe de l'assistance fraternelle. L'obligation juridique résultant de ce principe consiste à entreprendre par des Etats des actions nécessaires visant à prévenir des dommages politiques et économiques. L'action ayant pour but de prévenir les dommages peut revêtir une forme du changement du contenu de l'accord, de résignation de l'opposition ou bien prendre une nouvelle décision par les organes du CAEM.
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    Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych u progu XXI wieku
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1988) Sandorski, Jan
    The article discusses critical opinions addressed at present to the UNO by the States and scholars. It was already during the San Francisco conference that the States raised objections to the adopted solutions. After 43 years of its existence, the UNO is still far from fulfilling the hopes which were fostered at the time of its foundation. The causes of shortcomings may be found in structural and managerial deficiencies. The complexity of the UNO structure influences the dissipation of efforts and makes the coordination more difficult. The waste of means on countless programmes, sub-programmes and projects has often been subject to criticism. The efforts to increase efficiency through establishing organs which were to improve the system failed (eg. Administrative Commitee on Co-ordination, Commitee on Programme and Co-ordination, Joint Inspection Unit). However, those organs helped to record and disclose shortcoming and their sources by way of Publishing critical reports. Managerial problems consist mostly in difficulties with poor professional qualifications of the UNO staff. The view that the professional level decreases constantly is shared by 69% of diplomats employed in the UNO-affiliated missions. Critical opinions are voiced also with respect to the unreality of projects, declarativity and mere talk present in the UN system. Particular organizations established on regional and political grounds, the number of which grows constantly and at present is close to 330, are far more efficient. The UNO documents indicate that the member-States most often call for the amendments of provisions on the Security Council, and in the first place on its composition and voting system. The author shares the view that multiplying agencies and organs, or abortive attempts to limit the role of superpowers in the Security Council will not bring adequate effects. Little efficiency of the UNO in maintaining the world peace may be eliminated not through a direct structure reform of the system but indirectly through activities aimed at improving the economic situation of the South. The UNO should work out a worldwide welfare programme which would influence indirectly the consolidation of the world peace through increasing the economic level of conflict-generating regions. Such a programme would have to adopt a system of preferences, for the existing free-market rules the disproportions between the North and the South.
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    Pełnomocnictwa w Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1984) Sandorski, Jan
    A question whether contesting of credentials is designed to protect the UN against actions of plenipotentiaries lacking satisfactory credentials, or it is an expression of objection to the power which granted the credentials is discussed in the present article. Chapter two bears on credentials in international law. As appears from analogy to law of treaties, credentials in a wide sense of that term, are a document accorded by a competent state authority, international organization or even an international conference furnishing a certain person or persons with power to represent in performing transactions regulated by international law. Chapter three treats of procedure of verifying credentials in the UN and presents the scope of competence of the Credentials Committee and the General Assembly in that respect. The UN practice in the range of credentials is presented in chapter four with a more detailed discussion of Chinese, Hungarian, Congese, Kampuchean and South-African cases. Presentation of the most crucial incidents related to credentials allowed a critical estimation of the UN actions in the final conclusions of the article. They are characterised by inconsistencies, voluntarism, and deviations from legal regulation. Presently, verifying credentials in the UN is not exclusively of a formal character. Representativeness of authority concerned is assessed upon aplication of various criteria (of effective authority and democracy) subject to varying circumstances. There is a great deal of anxiety in connection with the case of South African Republic that verification of credentials could be transformed into the instrument limiting an universal character of the organization. Delaying a decision on credentials sometimes for many years (the so-called Hungarian formula) has to be considered as an inconsistency with the letter of the law.
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    POLSKA MNIEJSZOŚĆ NARODOWA W NIEMCZECH W ŚWIETLE PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2010) Sandorski, Jan
    Opracowanie zmierza do wykazania, że likwidacja wszystkich przejawów aktywności polskiej mniejszości narodowej w Niemczech na mocy rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów na rzecz obrony Rzeszy z 27 lutego 1940 r. była niezgodna z obowiązującym prawem międzynarodowym. Tak więc rozporządzenie to uznać należy za nieważne ab initio. Istniejący od 1922 r. Związek Polaków w Niemczech został zlikwidowany w 1940 r. w sposób bezprawny. Z tego względu przyjąć należy, że działający obecnie Związek Polaków w Niemczech jest kontynuatorem, a nie sukcesorem przedwojennego związku i przysługują mu roszczenia z tytułu szkód poniesionych wskutek nielegalnych działań władz III Rzeszy. W części II opracowania wykazano, że w Traktacie pokojowym z Wersalu, a także traktatach o ochronie mniejszości narodowych zawartych po I wojnie światowej znalazły się prawa fundamentalne tych mniejszości, które stanowiły zobowiązanie o znaczeniu międzynarodowym. Prawa te zostały zagwarantowane przez Ligę Narodów i nie można ich było naruszać wewnętrznymi ustawami i rozporządzeniami. W stosunkach polsko-niemieckich do przestrzegania praw fundamentalnych mniejszości narodowych zobowiązały się oba państwa w konwencji górnośląskiej z 15 maja 1920 r. W Lidze Narodów panował pogląd, że prawa fundamentalne nabrały charakteru norm ogólnie obowiązujących społeczność międzynarodową, których specjalnym zastosowaniem były postanowienia zawarte w traktatach międzynarodowych. W opracowaniu wykazano, że pogląd ten podzielała niemiecka doktryna prawa konstytucyjnego i międzynarodowego z czasów republiki weimarskiej. W części III zwrócono uwagą na sprzeczność rozporządzenia władz III Rzeszy z 27 lutego 1940 r. z obowiązującymi Niemcy normami ogólnymi prawa międzynarodowego, a w części IV dokonano wstępnego szacunku strat poniesionych przez polską mniejszość narodową wskutek tego rozporządzenia. Część V zawiera krytyczną ocenę przepisów Traktatu o dobrym sąsiedztwie z 17 czerwca 1991 r. dotyczących praw „osób w Republice Federalnej Niemiec posiadających niemieckie obywatelstwo i będących polskiego pochodzenia”. Przepisy te są źródłem asymetrii między pozycją prawną mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce i Polonii w RFN, nieposiadającej – w świetle Traktatu z 1991 r. – statusu mniejszości narodowej. Część VI opracowania przedstawia niezaspokojone dotychczas roszczenia organizacji polonijnych wobec RFN, a część VII najnowsze działania tych organizacji, zmierzające do uznania roszczeń materialnych i normalizacji ich położenia prawnego poprzez uznanie ciągłości statusu polskiej mniejszości narodowej w Niemczech – nieprzerwanie od 1922 r. W części tej mieści się polemika ze stanowiskiem ministerstwa sprawiedliwości RFN z 13 października 2009 r., sugerującym, że rozporządzenie z 1940 r. jest nieważne od chwili przyjęcia Konstytucji RFN w 1949 r. Wbrew temu stanowisku należy przyjąć, że rozporządzenie naruszyło normy ogólnie obowiązujące prawa międzynarodowego, którymi związane były Niemcy. Z tego względu należy uznać je za nieważne ab initio. W konkluzjach wyrażono pogląd, że polska mniejszość narodowa w Niemczech istnieje nieprzerwanie od 1922 r. i jako taka winna być uznawana przez władze RFN. Władze te winny uwzględnić jej roszczenia wynikające ze szkód, które pociągało za sobą rozporządzenie z 1940 r.
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    PRZEGLĄD PIŚMIENNICTWA
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2011) Sandorski, Jan; Zieliński, Tadeusz J.; Błażejczak, Bogdan; Mazuryk, Marcin; Malaga, Krzysztof; Kaczmarek, Jerzy
    Krzysztof Skubiszewski – dyplomata i mąż stanu, red. Roman Kuźniar, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, Warszawa 2011, ss. 608; Marcin Olszówka, Ustawy wyznaniowe. Art. 25 ust. 5 Konstytucji RP – próba interpretacji, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2010, ss. 96; Anna Stępień -Sporek, Działalnos´c´ gospodarcza z udziałem małz˙onka, LexisNexis, Warszawa 2010, ss. 586; Helena Szewczyk, Stosunki pracy w słuz˙bie cywilnej, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2010, ss. 344; Jacques Bourrinet, Philippe Vigneron, Les paradoxes de la zone euro, Bruylant, Bruxelles 2010, ss. 181; Rafał Drozdowski, Marek Krajewski, Za fotografie ˛! W strone˛ radykalnego programu socjologii wizualnej, Fundacja Be˛c Zmiana, Warszawa 2010, ss. 211.
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    PRZEGLĄD PIŚMIENNICTWA
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2010) Kaczmarek, Jerzy; Sandorski, Jan; Forlicz, Stefan; Bogdańska-Czyrnek, Dorota; Grabowski, Grzegorz; Kosmalski, Roman; Szostak, Piotr
    Stanisław Lisiecki, O granicach naturalnych, politycznych, społecznych i... granicach w głowie. Szkice do socjologii pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego, Poznań 2009 (rec. Jerzy K a c z m a r e k), s. 193-196; Karol Karski, Osoba prawna prawa wewnętrznego jako podmiot prawa międzynarodowego, Warszawa 2009 (rec. Jan S a n d o r s k i), s. 196-199; Bogusław Guzik, Wstęp do badań operacyjnych, Poznań 2009 (rec. Stefan F o r l i c z), s. 199-200; Rozwój w dobie globalizacji, red. Anna Bąkiewicz, Urszula Żuławska, Warszawa 2010 (rec. Dorota B o g d a ń sk a-C z y r n e k), s. 200-202; Chiny – Indie. Ekonomiczne skutki rozwoju, red. Kazimierz Kłosiński, Lublin 2008 (rec. Grzegorz Grabowski), s. 202-205; Bogusław Guzik, Podstawowe modele DEA w badaniu efektywności gospodarczej i społecznej, Poznań 2009 (rec. Roman K o s m a l s k i), s. 205-208; Karolina Sitkiewicz, Stan pragnienia – oblicza mac(k)donaldyzacji, Poznań 2009 (rec. Piotr S z o s t a k), s. 208-210
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    SPRAWOZDANIA I INFORMACJE. ODNOWIENIE DOKTORATU PROFESORA KRZYSZTOFA SKUBISZEWSKIEGO
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2005) Sandorski, Jan
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    Stanowisko prawne osób wchodzących w skład organów RWPG
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1965) Sandorski, Jan
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    Wpływ przymusu na nieważność umów międzynarodowych
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1972) Sandorski, Jan
    The possibility that treaties procured by coercion are invalid has been recognized for centuries by writers on international law. It was not disputed that in principle the use of. coercion upon authorized representatives of a state brought about the nullity of a concluded international agreement. It flowed from the international practice that an act of pressure might have been applied to procure not only the signature but also the ratification, acceptance or approval of an agreement. A number of instances of the employment of coercion against representatives encouraged states to recognize occurrence as undesirable. Thus, the notion of the invalidity in this contex — which rested upon the principle of equality — took relatively easily the shape of customary norm Nowadays it is widely accepted by writers and in state practice that effective threat or use of coercion against a representative with regard not only to his own person but even to a member of his family renders a treaty invalid. The traditional doctrine of international law narrowed the illegality of coercion by distinguishing between moral (vis compulsiva) and material (vis absoluta) coercion. Only physical pressure directed against a representative personally was regarded as rendering a treaty null and void. The view underwent substantial alterations and eventually has been put into shape of the Article 51 of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It is currently recognized that even such a clear example of vis compulsiva as a threat to ruin a representative career by the disclosure of a private indiscretion, could procure the invalidity of treaty. The question of coercion is much more complex in the case of duress applied not to an individual negotiator but to a state as a whole. In classical international law treaties concluded under coercion aimed against a state became and remained binding upon this state. From ancient times the strongest states favourized the use of force for the settlement of international disputes. The view that a treaty concluded by a state coerced at the time of signature or of ratification or at both times was not ipso facto void or voidable and therefore gave a good title to international rights and duties had been entirely accepted by states which played a decisive role in international relations at the beginning of our century. Within the last 50 years this opinion at first came under attack and finally was overturned. It is a fact that at the present moment the society of states has pasted the stage of eliminating force from the arsenal of lawful means of action on the international plane and has thereby rendered all treaties procured by coercion null and void. The principle of invalidity of treaties procured by coercion of a state as a norm of general customary law is a logical consequence of the Article 2 paragraph 4 of the UN Charter. The International Law Commission refused to specify the date in the past on which the discussed principle became established. The problem whether or not the principles of the Charter became valid before 1945 is not definitely solved. However it seems to be justified to sustain the view that since the Article 2 paragraph 4 declared the modern customary law this law had been in operation before the Charter has been entered into force. On the other hand there is the characteristic trait of international customary law that the moment of its rise and fall is frequently difficult to be observed. An important question arises whether the state concerned could recognize the validity of a treaty after coercion has ceased. From the legal point of view the question must be answered in the negative. In accordance with the principle — ex injuria jus non oritur — any attempt to recognize the validity of a treaty procured by means contrary to the most fundamental principle of the Charter would be without legal effects. This view was taken by the International Law Commission in 1966 which considered it essential that the enforced treaty should be regarded as void ab initio even if a state after being liberated from the influence of a threat or of use of force wished to uphold its legality. This mentioned point was critisized in the International Law Commission itself from the angle of international practice. Bearing in mind all practical inconveniences is would be somewhat dangerous to accept any restriction of the principle of non-recognition. Modern international law leans towards the principle that a wrongful act must be incapable of changing or creating legal rights. There is a possibility to recognize an act the legality of which is doubtful but never a definitely illegal one. It is evident that by virtue of general principles of international law a treaty induced by force is illegal ab initio and as such cannot be the subject of recognition. The final question arises whether the principle of non-recognition of treaties concluded under coercion might be ommitted under circumstances in which an allegedly aggrieved state either denied the existance of the use of force or recognized it is legal. It seems to be established that if the illegality of use of force was disputable and was not unequivocally determined by a competent international organ such a recognition is not impossible.
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    ZNACZENIE AKTÓW JEDNOSTRONNYCH DLA WSPÓŁCZESNYCH STOSUNKÓW POLSKO-NIEMIECKICH
    (Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 2006) Sandorski, Jan
    The author claims that there are two unilateral acts which are of fundamental importance for further development of Polish-German relations: the declaration of the German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder of 1 August 2004, and the declaration of the Polish People’s Republic of 23 August 1953 in which Poland resigned from its claims for war reparations. In the second part of the paper the author argues with the thesis proposed by prof. Eckart Klein who is of an opinion that the validity of Chancellor Schroder’s statement is questionable as it is contradictory to ius cogens applying to crimes against humanity (art. 50 of the 1st Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949). The author’s view is that Poland’s overtaking of German possessions was not an unlawful and lawlessness act because it was performed pursuant to the will of the Allies expressed i.a. in Potsdam Conference’s Declaration, and was the consequence of the manner in which Germany started, carried out and ended the war. The author also emphasises the importance of the law of equity and expresses a hope that if there arises an international dispute, the International Court of Justice will construe Potsdam Declaration in such a spirit. In the remaining part of the paper the author claims that Poland’s resignation from reparation claims in 1953 might be pronounced invalid due to the fact that it was made under duress exercised by the Soviet Union on Poland (coal blackmail).) Consequently, Poland’s sovereignty was violated, the result of which was a statement of will characterised with absolute invalidity. The conclusion is that every tension arising from unilateral statements or acts should be solved through friendly diplomatic relations between neighbouring states.