Artykuły naukowe (WNS)
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Item Myśl polityczna Ruchu Społeczeństwa Alternatywnego (1983-1990)(Europejskie Centrum Solidarności, 2020-12-29) Brzechczyn, KrzysztofArtykuł prezentuje myśl polityczną Ruchu Społeczeństwa Alternatywnego, powstałej w 1983 r. organizacji nawiązującej do idei anarchizmu. Na podstawie dokumentów programowych i publicystyki „Homka” w artykule przedstawiano postulaty programowo-ideowe ruchu, poglądy w sferze polityki międzynarodowej. W artykule zrekonstruowano prezentowaną na łamach „Homka” diagnozę społeczeństwa polskiego po 13 grudnia 1981 r. obejmującą krytykę strategii „Solidarności” i Lecha Wałęsy oraz Kościoła Katolickiego. W końcowej części artykułu przedstawiono stosunek uczestników ruchu do zapoczątkowanej w 1989 r. transformacji ustrojowej. Item Opozycyjna myśl polityczna wobec narastającego kryzysu społeczno-gospodarczego i PRL w drugiej połowie lat siedemdziesiątych(Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2020-12-01) Brzechczyn, KrzysztofThe purpose of the article is the analysis of ways of presenting the social & economic crisis using selected examples of oppositional political thought. The author provides examples of the phenomenon of infiltration between the official and unofficial areas, and then analyses the pro gram Notes about the economic situation of the country and the main threads in the discussion about it in the national independent magazine ‘Głos’ (Voice) and in the emigration magazine ‘Aneks’ (Annex). In the further part, he presents the issue of the explosion of social discontent in political thought by Jacek Kuroń and Leszek Moczulski. Based on similar sets of premises, each in a different way formulated achievable goals for political actions. Kuroń offered a com promise to the PZPR (Polish United Workers’ Party), while Moczulski foreshadowed depriving the communists of their power. The article compares three interlocking issues occurring in the social & political reflection of both activists: the organizational form of the opposition, operat ing strategy with respect to deepening social & economic and political crisis, as well as their attitude towards the threat of Soviet interventionItem Gender Disparities in International Research Collaboration: A Study of 25,000 University Professors(2020) Kwiek, Marek; Roszka, WojciechIn this large-scale research based on bibliometric, biographical and administrative data, we examine how gender disparities in international research collaboration differ by collaboration intensity, academic position, age, and academic discipline. The following are the major findings: (1) While female scientists exhibit a higher rate of general, national, and institutional collaboration, male scientists exhibit a higher rate of international collaboration, a finding critically important in explaining gender disparities in impact, productivity, and access to large grants. (2) An aggregated picture of gender disparities hides a more nuanced cross-disciplinary picture of them. (3) An analysis of international research collaboration at three separate intensity levels (low, medium, and high) reveals that male scientists dominate in international collaboration at each level. However, at each level, there are specific disciplines in which females collaborate more than males. Furthermore (4), gender disparities in international research collaboration are clearly linked with age: they are the lowest and statistically insignificant for young scientists and the highest and statistically significant for the oldest scientists. Finally, we estimate the odds ratios of being involved in international research collaboration using an analytical linear logistic model. The examined sample includes 25,463 internationally productive Polish university professors from 85 universities, grouped into 24 disciplines, and 158,743 Scopus-indexed articles.Item Wokół polityki pamięci i sprawiedliwości okresu przejściowego w krajach Europy Wschodniej(Instytut Historii PAN, 2020-06-01) Brzechczyn, KrzysztofStreszczenie. Celem artykułu jest krytyczna analiza książki "Secret Agents and the Memory of Everyday Collaboration in Communist Eastern Europe", wydanej pod redakcją Pétera Apora, Sándora Horvátha i Jamesa Marka. W jego pierwszej części przedstawiono ujęcia sprawiedliwości tranzycyjnej, w pojmowanej zarówno jako pewien zbiór praktyk społecznych implementowany podczas przejścia z systemów niedemokratycznych do demokratycznych, mających na celu ukaranie winnych łamania prawa oraz upamiętnienie ofiar niesprawiedliwości, jak i interdyscyplinarne badanie przebiegu i rezultatów prowadzonej polityki. W drugiej części artykułu ukazano społeczno-polityczne warunki powstawania instytucji pamięci w Europie Wschodniej, a w ostatniej – przeanalizowano istniejące ujęcia badania komunistycznej przeszłości oraz wybrane studia przypadków.Item Efficiency of executive functions and literacy among children with specific language impairment(Sciendo, 2018) Kaczmarek, Izabela; Jabłoński, Sławomir; Kleka, Paweł; Steinborn, BarbaraRecently, extensive studies investigating executive functions in children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been performed. In the present study, we compared the level of executive functions (i.e., inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility) and literacy skills between 53 healthy children and 53 children with SLIs between the ages of 3 and 11 years. The groups were matched by age, gender and parental education level. Executive functions were assessed using the Children Card Sort, and the Literacy Assessment Battery was applied to measure literacy skills. The patients with SLI displayed a significantly lower level of cognitive flexibility than that of the healthy children. No significant differences were observed between the groups in inhibitory control and the majority of literacy skills. The results confirm the hypothesis that patients with SLI experience difficulties in cognitive flexibility.Item A review of the provision of social and emotional learning in Australia, the United States, Poland, and Portugal(Cambridge University Press, 2017) Bowles, Terence; Jimerson, Shane; Haddock, Aaron; Nolan, Julene; Jabłoński, Sławomir; Czub, Magdalena; Coelho, VitorThe aim of this research is to gather preliminary information from a range of countries to develop an international perspective on Social and Emotional Learning (SEL). Currently, there is no cohesive international statement on the minimum requirements to provide SEL in schools. By bringing together a range of international perspectives it is intended that clarity will be provided from which new approaches and initiatives can be developed and researched. International researchers familiar with SEL programs in their country were asked to answer five questions about the context and processes used to teach SEL in specific countries to begin an understanding and synthesis of best practice. These questions relate to: (1) sociocultural contexts of school systems, (2) the range of SEL programs presented in each country and what is common about these programs, (3) the effectiveness of prominent SEL programs, (4) the facilitators and barriers that exist to effectively present SEL programs within the country, and (5) recommendations for the future of SEL programs. A synthesis is followed by a discussion of the future of SEL and how the SEL Interest Group may make a contribution to the current state of the literature, curriculum, pedagogy, and research that informs SEL in schools.Item Children with epilepsy: specific learning difficulties(Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej i Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury ARS MEDICA, 2016) Kaczmarek, Izabela; Jabłoński, Sławomir; Steinborn, BarbaraThe problems of children and adolescents with epilepsy pose an important challenge for educational systems around the world. Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, which occurs in up to 1% of children and adolescents. The largest incidence of onset is from early childhood to adolescence, therefore, mostly the emotional, cognitive and social problems experienced by patients coincide with the school period. It is commonly believed, as indicated by research, that some of the children and adolescents with epilepsy experience learning difficulties and school problems. This article presents the educational problems of a group of patients in Poland with epilepsy and the co-occurring specific difficulties in the acquisition of scholastic skills like dyslexia, spelling disorder or dyscalculia. The work is a review with an analysis of a case study.Item Pomiar rozwoju mowy pisanej jako nowa propozycja oceny poziomu umiejętności posługiwania się pismem u dzieci w wieku 3-11 lat(2015) Jabłoński, Sławomir; Kleka, PawełW artykule opisano etapy budowania Baterii do Oceny Czytania i Pisania (BCP) skonstruowanej w oparciu o założenia teorii Lwa S. Wygotskiego. Zgodnie z nią nabywanie umiejętności czytania i pisania ujęto jako rozwój wyższej funkcji psychicznej zwanej mową pisaną. W takiej perspektywie proces posługiwania się pismem kształtuje się na długo przed rozpoczęciem formalnej nauki czytania i pisania. Autorzy prezentują również wyniki badań weryfikujących najważniejsze problemy konstrukcyjne. Przeprowadzono pięć niezależnych prób: 1) badanie pilotażowe techniczne grupy 16 dzieci w wieku 3-10 lat pierwszą wersją BCP, 2) badanie 400 dzieci w wieku 3-11 lat drugą wersją BCP, 3) ocenę trzeciej wersji BCP przez 7 sędziów kompetentnych, 4) badanie pilotażowe grupy 40 dzieci w wieku 3-7 lat czwartą wersją BCP oraz 5) badanie właściwe grupy 1103 dzieci piątą wersją BCP. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają użyteczność narzędzia w różnicowaniu poziomu rozwoju mowy pisanej u dzieci w wieku 3-11 lat.Item Local use of metrics for the research assessment of academics: The case of Poland(Taylor & Francis, 2020-11-08) Kulczycki, Emanuel; Rozkosz, Ewa A.; Szadkowski, Krystian; Ciereszko, Kinga; Hołowiecki, MarekThis article discusses the use of bibliometric indicators for the assessment of individual academics. We focused on national indicators for the assessment of productivity in Polish higher education institutions. We analysed whether institutions (N = 768) adopted national templates for their own sets of criteria for intra-institutional evaluations. This study combined an analysis of internal policy documents with semi-structured interviews with deans from institutions in different fields of science. Our findings showed that, despite their high levels of institutional autonomy, the majority of institutions adopted the national criteria for the evaluation of individual academics. This article concludes with recommendations for reducing the negative consequences of local use of national indicators for the assessment of researchers.Item Exploring the Performance gap in EU Framework Programmes between EU13 and EU15 Member States. In-Depth Analysis(2020) Quaglio, Gianluca; Millar, Sophie; Pazour, Michal; Albrecht, Vladimir; Vondrak, Tomas; Kwiek, Marek; Schuch, KlausThe research and innovation framework programmes of the European Union (EU) are the largest programmes in the world for international research collaboration. Repeated reports point to the issue of under-performance in the framework programmes by the EU13 Member States – the countries that joined the EU in and after 2004 – in comparison with the EU15 Member States – which had entered the EU before 2004. This paper explores the background of various challenges in research and development faced by the EU13 in comparison to the EU15, in order to investigate the gap between the two groups. A set of hypotheses, divided into five domains, are tested empirically. This includes research and innovation system structure; scientific level of research institutions and quality of proposals; quantity of submitted proposals; level of international collaboration and other factors related to the framework programmes. The weak positions of most EU13 Member States on several of the indicators analysed show that the field of research in EU13 Member States requires further structural changes. This report concludes with various policy options that would help to mitigate the innovation gap in Europe.Item The Prestige Economy of Higher Education Journals: A Quantitative Approach(2020) Kwiek, MarekThis study addresses stratification in the global higher education research community and the changing geography of country affiliations in six elite journals. The distribution of country affiliations is analyzed from a longitudinal perspective (1996–2018), and full-time and part-authors in the field are contrasted. The prestige maximization model and principal-agent theory provide the theoretical framework for the study, which examines 6,334 articles published in six elite journals in the context of 21,442 articles in 41 core journals. The findings indicate that about 3.3% of academics have authored at least five articles (full-timers). These authors constitute the publishing core of the research community, while the 80% who have authored one article (part-timers) constitute its periphery. Higher Education (HE) and Studies in Higher Education (SHE) emerge as elite global journals, with an increasing share of non-Anglo-Saxon authors. Previously globally invisible countries became visible almost exclusively through HE and SHE. Global trends include the diminishing role of American researchers and the increasing role of researchers from Continental Europe, East Asia, and the cluster of 66 “other” countries. The single biggest affiliation loser is the US, which had 42.5% of country affiliations in 1996–2003 but only 26.9% in 2012–2018. This reflects both the increasing share of non-American affiliations and the increasing yearly volume of HE and SHE publications, in which US academics tend not to publish.Item What Large-Scale Publication and Citation Data Tell Us About International Research Collaboration in Europe: Changing National Patterns in Global Contexts(2020) Kwiek, MarekThis study analyzes the unprecedented growth of international research collaboration (IRC) in Europe during the period 2009–2018 in terms of co-authorship and citation distribution of globally indexed publications. The results reveal the dynamics of this change, as growing IRC moves European systems away from institutional collaboration, with stable and strong national collaboration. Domestic output has remained flat. The growth in publications in major European systems is almost entirely attributable to internationally co-authored papers. A comparison of trends within the four complementary collaboration modes clearly reveals that the growth of European science is driven solely by internationally co-authored papers. With the emergence of global network science, which diminishes the role of national policies in IRC and foregrounds the role of scientists, the individual scientist’s willingness to collaborate internationally is central to advancing IRC in Europe. Scientists collaborate internationally when it enhances their academic prestige, scientific recognition, and access to research funding, as indicated by the credibility cycle, prestige maximization, and global science models. The study encompassed 5.5 million Scopus-indexed articles, including 2.2 million involving international collaboration.Item Internationalists and Locals: International Research Collaboration in a Resource-Poor System(2020) Kwiek, MarekThe principal distinction drawn in this study is between research “internationalists” and “locals.” The former are scientists involved in international research collaboration while the latter group are not. These two distinct types of scientist compete for academic prestige, research funding, and international recognition. International research collaboration proves to be a powerful stratifying force. As a clearly defined subgroup, internationalists are a different academic species, accounting for 51.4% of Polish scientists; predominantly male and older, they have longer academic experience and higher academic degrees and occupy higher academic positions. Across all academic clusters, internationalists consistently produce more than 90% of internationally co-authored publications, representing 2,320% of locals’ productivity for peer-reviewed articles and 1,600% for peer-reviewed article equivalents. Internationalists tend to spend less time than locals on teaching-related activities, more time on research, and more time on administrative duties. Based on a large-scale academic survey (N = 3,704), some new predictors of international research collaboration were identified by multivariate analyses. The findings have global policy implications for resource-poor science systems “playing catch-up” in terms of academic careers, productivity patterns, and research internationalization policies.Item A conceptual model of the influence of résumé components on personnel decisions: a policy-capturing study on résumé screening(2020) Grobelny, Jaroslaw; Frontczak, Patrycja; Pawlak, Katarzyna; Skorodzillo, Urszula; Szymanowska, Milena; Wilczyńska, SandraBased on a literature review of not only industrial and organizational psychology but also decision theory, we have developed a conceptual model of résumé screening. It postulates that personnel decisions concerning assignment to particular categories result from a gradual process with an underlying initial assumption, and the decision-making process varies depending on specific conditions. Under different conditions, decision makers utilize different résumé components (relevant, irrelevant and formal), whose impacts might interact with each other. We designed and conducted two policy-capturing experimental studies and employed a machine learning approach and a decision tree classification method to verify our conceptual model. The results indicate that it might be considered valid and might explain actual decisions regarding résumés. The data we have collected suggests that in a situation of certainty recruitment specialists make their decisions solely on the basis of information obtained from relevant résumé components and apply straightforward, i.e., non-compensatory, rules. However, when making decisions in a situation of uncertainty, recruitment specialists make an attribution and are influenced by the combined interactive effect of relevant, non-relevant and formal components of résumés. These decisions, in turn, are compensatory in nature. For example, positive personnel decisions regarding the appraisal of a résumé may be made if deficiencies in a relevant area are compensated for by an exceptional level of non-relevant or formal components.Item Patriotyzm - nacjonalizm - ojkofobia w myśli Rogera Scrutona(2020-06-29) Brzechczyn, KrzysztofCelem artykułu jest prezentacja poglądów Rogera Scrutona w kwestii patriotyzmu i dwóch postaw zagrażających właściwemu umiłowaniu ojczyzny: nacjonalizmu i ojkofobii. Patriotyzm w ujęciu Scrutona oznacza poczucie lojalności wobec ludzi zamieszkujących pewne terytorium, podzielających wspólną kulturę, obyczaje i historię. Tak rozumiane poczucie lojalności narodowej jest z natury rzeczy pokojowe i stabilizuje praktykę demokratyczną. Obok patriotyzmu, Scruton wyróżnia jeszcze dwie inne postawy: uwielbienia oraz niechęci wobec własnego narodu. Ta pierwsza postawa, przeradzając się w nacjonalizm deifikuje naród, prowadziła do licznych wojen i konfliktów w historii, natomiast postawa niechęci wobec własnego narodu (ojkofobia) stanowi uzasadnienie rozwoju instytucji ponadnarodowych, które ograniczając suwerenność demokratycznego państwa narodowego, pośrednio ograniczają władzę ludu. W końcowej części artykułu zamierzam sparafrazować obrazy narodu zakładane w postawie nacjonalizmu, patriotyzmu i ojkofobii w aparaturze pojęciowej deformacyjnej koncepcji kultury Leszka Nowaka.Item Agnostycyzm uczonych – wybrane postacie(2020) Drozdowicz, ZbigniewIn these remarks I do undertake one more time the attempt to answer the fol- lowing question: what do agnostics really want? This issue is so complicated that even the agnostics themselves had great trouble in delivering the answer. This is also related to these agnostics, such as the recalled here Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, and Stephen W. Hawking, who belong to the greatest format of scholars. The agnostics are being distanced from, both the atheists and theists. However they do judge differently their views it is important that as well the first as the latter ones may appreciate what stands behind agnosticism and this might be very variable.Item Koncepcja bezinteresowności ekonomicznej Talcotta Parsonsa(2019) Wechta, PrzemysławThe task of the paper is to analyze Talcott Parsons’ concept of economic disinter-estedness, which the classical American sociologist introduced at an early stage of his work. It is aimed at economic orthodoxy, whose permanent foundation is thestill vital figure of homo oeconomicus. The concept of disinterestedness is about crossing the limits of one’s own advantage in economic activities. When justifying the concept, Parsons refers to Alfred Marshall and his concept of a “gentleman of the world of free industry and entrepreneurship” and Max Weber’s concept of the “spirit of capitalism”. According to Parsons, the embodiment of disinterestedness in advanced capitalism should become a specific type of bureaucracy.Item Portrayals and Appraisals of Puritans and Puritanism(Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora, 2020) Drozdowicz, ZbigniewThe aim of these deliberations is to introduce several substantially dissimilar portrayals of Puritans and Puritanism and assessments of their achievement, as well as point to at least some of the sources and circumstances from which the differences stemmed. A proportion of these discrepancies arise from a religious background, while others are rooted in non-religious factors. Still, these are not the only elements to shed light on the objectivity or its absence among the authors of those portrayals and appraisals, as interesting insights may also be obtained from the varied temporal perspectives they adopted and the references to such distinct locations where Puritans functioned as sixteenth- and seventeenth century England and America.Item Wiara i niewiara w Boga amerykańskich uczonych(Polskie Towarzystwo Religioznawcze, 2019) Drozdowicz, ZbigniewIn common views scholars belong to a group of people either non-believing in the existence of God and his creational powers, or at least distancing themselves from several of such beliefs which is shared by the majority of the society. The research in this matter shows that this issue is quite diverse when put into practice, also in such a leading in scientific achievements country like the United States. Although this research confirms that the major part of American scholars is either people declaring their non-faith in God, or at least distancing themselves in a significant way from it, there are many (both in social and natural sciences) of them who accept beliefs which seem to be in a striking contradiction with the knowledge on man and the natural world. One of such people recalled in these remarks is Alvin C. Planting. His argument with Daniel Dennett shows how far the standards of scientific correctness of thought accepted by American scholars might differ.Item Grzechy Watykanu(Polskie Towarzystwo Religioznawcze, 2019) Drozdowicz, ZbigniewIn these remarks I make the attempt to highlight a much pointed out in the media problem of the controversial behavior of Christian clergy, including the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, as well the popes themselves. I call these sins. It is not – in my opinion – an abuse of the term, because the are a breach of norms and moral rules of that religion (and not only that). Those who commit them know about it and still they do not stop their practices – even despite the fact that one of them belongs to the sins “crying for hevean’s revenge.” Mostly those practices are being hidden before the eyes of others, and if that doesn’t succeed, they are being justified with circumstances they cannot control. It is however discussable how much these justifications are plausible.