Browsing by Author "Romanow, Zbigniew"
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Item Agraryzm w teorii i praktyce(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1990) Romanow, ZbigniewAgrarism, as a socio-economic doctrine, develops in countries with a prevailing agricultural sector, especially in years 1918 - 1939. The changes connected with land reforms and the transition of European agriculture into capitalism deepened the disproportions between towns and countryside. Therefore, among the activists of agrarian movements in agricultural countries appeared the view stressing the necessity of socio-economic changes leading to the elevation of the significance of agriculture in the nation's life. The beginnings of agrarism on Polish territory appeared early in the XXc. Taking as an example agricultural relations in Denmark and Czechoslovakia, Polish agrarians put forth the postulate of subordinating the policy of the State to the overall development of farms. An attachement to the principles of market economy and a so-called right of deconcentration made agrarians consider agriculture to be the basic branch of national economy. In turn, they were usually against the development of industry not connected with agriculture. Their postulates included the restriction of big land ownership and the parcellation of land among peasants capable of efficient farming based on family labour resources. The agrarian movement, prosecuted during the four decades of „socialist construction" in Poland, has not enirely lost its significance. Some deformations of views from that period are presently corrected under changed political, social and economic conditions. The replacement of the directival-distributive system with the market system in difficult conditions of demand imbalance makes it necessary to exert the economic pressure with respect to the economy as a whole. The point is to stipulate the growth of the most efficient sectors of economy. The adoption of the principles of free competition accompanied by simultaneous demands for a preferential treatment of agriculture together with a far-reaching interventionist policy of the State is determined by the present character of the market-place and the direction of changes. State interventionism is to correct, not to replace, the market mechanism. A precondition for efficient regulation of economic processes is the creation of market economy. State interventionism must not be a mere social aid for all farmers. It should aim at securing the profitability of agricultural activity only for efficient farms.Item Etatyzm w polityce gospodarczej państwa kapitalistycznego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1988) Romanow, ZbigniewEtatism, one of the forms of state interventionism, is defined in the literature as a means of economic policy consisting in earring out by the capitalist state direct economic activity, with the state being an enterpreneur acting on its account and risk. While state interventionism denotes all possible forms of state intervention in economic processes, etatism is treated as a policy of active shaping the economic life by the state as an economic subject using direct means. Etatism still occupies an important place in political economy of capitalist countries, especially those being in the state-monopolistic stage. Despite this, in our economic literature (including university handbooks) and contrary to the situation in years 1918 - 1939, etatism is not called "by its name" and is tacitly identified with state interventionism. Furthermore, etatism is not reflected in classifications and characteristics of means of state interventionism. It makes it difficult or even impossible to understand the essence of etatism, its role in state interventionist policy and the results of its application in particular developmental stages of capitalism. Therefore, in the article an attempt to present in a historical perspective the process of applying etatism in economic policy of a capitalistic state has been undertaken. State property has existed in capitalism since the early days of that formation. In fact it was reduced (besides the period of the rise of capitalism within feudalism) to some spheres (to a so-called public utility sphere) and as such it played a passive role in the mechanism of functioning of economy. The formation of state property and etatism after the 2nd World War in conditions of a structural crisis of monopolistic capitalism brought about the in elusion of the economic role of the state into the mechanism of functioning of the economy. The purpose of the state in state-monopolistic capitalism was to introduce structural, organizational and market changes in the economy through direct and indirect means of interference. In that process etatismy is the fullest expression of state interference in economic life. Attempts at reprivatisation carried out in recent years by conservative governments of some capitalist states do not mean any intention to return to liberal economy. They are mostly connected with the change in the structure of state property. The state continues to possess and develop those branches of economy which in its opinion have priority for a further economic developments The problem consists not in rejecting state interventionism, including etatism but in the scope and forms of state interference in economic processes.Item Ewolucja zasady gospodarczości A. Smitha w rozwoju myśli ekonomicznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1978) Romanow, ZbigniewRealization of personal business by aiming at goal reaching with minimum means is the contents of Smiths' economics principle. An economic unit acting according to private business reaches the benefit maximum, and because a society is the sum of units, it maximizes the social benefits. Realization of personal business by „homo oeconomicus" is possible — according to A. Smith .— under conditions of laissez-faire policy, ensuring initiative and enterprise, what is conducive to the best satisfaction of society needs. The subjective-marginalistic economy, developing vulgarized concepts of the classical school successors, modernizes the economics principle raising it to the standing of universal acting motives of „homo oeconomicus" and to the dignity of crucial economy problem. The initial application of the marginal calculus, connected with motives of consumer's acting, was changed and used in analysis of interdependences functionining in industry and on the market from the viewpoint of the economics principle, with assumption on perfect competition. In the thirties L. von Mises formulated, so called, argumentation neglecting possibility of rational economy in the socialism. O. Lange, constructing a mechanism ensuring decision optimum, expressed himself against that concept. The theory of socialist economy and the practice of socialism construction have snaked the objections of the capitalist economy connected with impossibility of rational economy in the socialism, and the vulgarized concept of personal business as well as the Smith's economics principle meet criticism also among Western economists today.Item Funkcje systemu cen w świetle społecznych kryteriów racjonalności w gospodarce socjalistycznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1965) Romanow, ZbigniewItem Istota dobrobytu ekonomicznego w socjalizmie(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1973) Romanow, ZbigniewEconomic welfare identified with a comparative maximum of provision for the society needs us dependent on the size of the (generated and verified national income and on its rate of growth as well as on the right distribution of the income for the members of the society. Thus the essence of economic welfare resolves itself into the quantity and quality of goods and services put at the disposal of the society. Unlike the pre-socialist formations, the relation between the goal of all-economic activities and economic welfare of the society is direct, since it expresses concurrence of the natural goal of production and the goal of all-economic activities. Realization of the natural goal of socialist economy follows from the collective ownership of means of production. Economic plans aiming at better satisfaction of the growing requirements of the society constitute the outward form. Realization of the natural goal in socialist economy manifests itself in the direct economic calculus which supplies ways to pick out new lines in making basic means of production in accordance with all-social preferences and to achieve an equilibrium in economy and therefore determines material results of reproduction to a considerable degree. A number of essential economic problems and first of all the mechanism of innovation, the response to economic phenomena and the verification of economic results are not satisfactorily solved by the sphere of allocation decision planning and choosing methods of manufacturing basic means of production with help of direct economic calculus. Therefore it is necessary to stimulate the producer in the field of choice of manufacture metods (within the scope of autonomous decisions at the central level) and accomplishment of economic tasks in accordance with all-social interest and in this connection to use the market economic calculus, besides the direct economic calculus, what is linked with financial interest in the results of work. As utility effects are superior to value effects, commodity — and — money categories and market mechanism are regarded as instruments of prompt accomplishment of current economic tasks. The limited commodity — and — money fetishism in socialism does not mean handling these categories at will. When parameters of economic calculus are not true, they cannot be a basis for estimation and valuation of the results of economic units' activities. The existence of commodity — and — money categories in socialism does not mean a sovereign operation of market mechanism and law of value. The principle of the central plan superiority is independent of parametric or non — parametric methods of executing that plan.Item Kierunki decentralizacji decyzji w zakresie ustalania cen(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1963) Romanow, ZbigniewItem Koncepcja mechanizmu funkcjonowania gospodarki socjalistycznej Oskara Lange z okresu międzywojennego(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1979) Romanow, ZbigniewThe first developed vision of a mechanism of functioning socialist economy can foe met in Polish economic literature in O. Lange and M. Breiťs elaboration entailed "The Way to a Socialist Planned Economy" in 1934. The model solutions of the authors resulted not only from deep theoretical considerations but also from observation of the October Revolution and then the socialist construction of the Soviet Union in Lenin's period. O. Lange wrote then his treatise "On Economic Theory of a Socialist economy" provoked by radical oponents of socialism. It composed a reply both to L. von Mises' attacks and to positive proposals of principles of functioning a socialist economy. Socio-economic framework of O. Lange's model was close to the mechanism formulated in the year 1934. The differences concerned the basic scope of using a market mechanism. In the model from the years 1936 - 37 O. Lange renounced the assumption on existance of a production means market similar to the concumers' goods and labour markets. In his subsequent articles ("Essence of Socialism" and "What Socialism Means to Me") O. Lange developed some earlier formulations concerning essence of socialist system, its historical premisses and outlines of heterogenity, democratic forms of social life, autonomity etc. General outline of O. Lange's concept of optimizing mechanism of functioning socialist economy, elaborated in the period of developing political economy of socialism as a science, in spite of some weaknesses has to be considered as a great theoretical achievement. He proved that possibilities of rational economy are real only under conditions of socialist system, because that system naturally serves to realization of proper ideas of society's welfare.Item Koncepcja rozwoju gospodarczego Polski w twórczości naukowej Fryderyka Skarbka(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1982) Romanow, ZbigniewFryderyk Skarbek thanks to tis thorough studies in France and then direct relations with socio-economic life of the post-partition Poland — paves the way for the classical theory, amplifying and adapting it to our contemporary conditions. Thanks to those scientific works he suppresses influence of physiocratic doctrine in Poland and inculcates ideas of the new system — capitalism. Fryderyk Skarbek is characterized by social ideas and detecting exploitation attendant upon development of capitalism he stipulates as just as Sismondi compromise solutions for overcoming discrepancies, but he fails to realize their inevitabilities in process of capitalism development. In contradiction to reactionary views of F. List, for whom intrinsic discrepancies of capitalism have been of minor consequence in comparison with development of German national productive forces — Skarbek's, analysis of capitalistic production relations based on clear-sightedness and understanding of social problems of that system has progressive (in contemporary terms) character. Though in the end of his life he was turning to vulgar apology of capitalism, his basic scientific output proves that he is that Polish economist who left unabatdng mark in the bourgeois economic thought.Item Koncepcje wartości i ceny w teoriach ekonomicznych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1988) Romanow, ZbigniewThe concepts of value and price and the connection between those categories are important problems of economic considerations and disputes, both with respect to the essence of those concepts as well as to their role in the economy. The present article offers an attempt to investigate basic views of the representatives of various schools of political economy, with the attention paid to those aspects which might prove useful from the viewpoint of the rational shaping of the economic processes. Starting from the theoretical system of the classic English economy, the considerations are focused on theoretical problems of value and price in both explanatory and evaluative approaches. In particular, the author tries to prove a gradual disappearance from economic theories of the process of linking together prices and value in view of particular conditions of carrying out economic activity and in effect, in view of particular economic policy both in Western and Marxist economy. The considerations allow to say that the theory of value based on market price and the theory of value based on labour correspond with the stage of development when resources and goods were considered practically unlimited. However, we are more and more aware of the fact that it was only in the XlXth or partly XXth centuries stage of "abundance" and relatively little dangerous pollution of the natural environment that prices and their total level might be considered the reflection of value. The rejection of those assumptions and the recognition of not only relative but also absolute scarcity of the growing number of goods, the need of protecting them through prohibitive prices mark the end of the period of explaining prices exclusively in terms of the input of labour. One should therefore keep in mind that the growing degree of scarcity of resources will inevitably lead to the rise in their prices, i.e. to the economic impediment to their availability.Item Koszty społeczne działalności gospodarczej w kapitalizmie i socjalizmie(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1976) Romanow, ZbigniewThe Author has stated that the socialized economy enables the state authorities to control the use of resources and to decline its losses. The main factors restraining the practical policy making are the unsolved problems of measuring the social costs of economic activity.Item Koszty społeczne działalności gospodarczej w teorii ekonomii(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1989) Romanow, ZbigniewIn economic processes there usually appear disproportions between the size of available production resources and the extent of social needs. It makes it nesessary not only to calculate outlay and output but also to evaluate properly the loss and reproduction of resources. The article tries to show how over the centuries following the industrial revolution of the end of the XVIII с and then in consequence of scientific and technological revolution in the post-war era the processes of uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources and destruction of natural environment become one of the most important problems of our civilization. The above problem, irrespective of the socio-economic system, has also been in the focus of interest of economists who have been trying to find the ways to neutralize social costs which are an unintended side effects of human economic activity. In order to build the economic mechanism that would ensure the optimum allocation and utilization of production factors, institutional and functional conditions should be created so as to neutralize these costs and make enterprises operate rationally in conditions of competitive market. The above would require democratization of political, social and economic life as well as more efficient participation of citizens in government and economic management.Item Mechanizm rynkowy i prawo wartości w gospodarce socjalistycznej — ewolucja poglądów(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1980) Romanow, ZbigniewProblems of occurence and utilization of commodity and monetary categories and of law of value in socialism were subjects of long discussions from the beginning of economic thought. They were generally marked by socialist Utopians. Marxist classics also took up those problems on a background of analysis of mechanism of functioning capitalist economy. The second generation of Marxists (besides K. Kautsky) did not carry on deeper theoretical considerations connected with a mechanism of functioning future socialist economy. V. Lenin even after the successful Revolution course did not possess complete and precise idea in that sphere. Only after the Civil War broke out and foreign intervention began the policy of war communism started. It was the policy of liquidation of commodity and monetary relations and introduction of natural and distribution policy. The transition to so called NEP period caused reintroduction of commodity and monetary relations as well as using market mechanism for current effective economy. The transition to the NEP-period caused increased interests of Soviet economists on the problem of plan-market relation and then on planning methods in a socialist economy. Anti-market concepts won in the Soviet Union in the late twenties. In the early fifties an official notion was formulated that two forms of ownership of means of production — state and kolkhoz ones cause existence of commodity production in socialism. The twentieth congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 was of great importance for development of theory of socialism. Within so called 'model' discussion the essence of commodity and monetary economy, its reasons as well as role played by market mechanism and law of value in socialism were precised. Utilization of an active role of commodity and monetary categories and of market mechanism and law of value for realization of current economic tasks does not mean functioning law of value in traditional sense. Market mechanism acts then independent on that whether these categories reflect values of goods or not. On the other hand it is impossible to shape proportions of social work division according to law of value without market mechanism. Resources allocation that reflects market situation and ensures supply and demand equilibrium when prices approximate value sets in only under conditions of market mechanism action. Market mechanism starts then adaptative processes on the market and it causes functioning law of value.Item Realność teorii dobrobytu ekonomicznego Artura-Cecil Pigou(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1972) Romanow, ZbigniewThe theory of economic welfare set up by A. C. Pigou, who holds to private ownership of means of production and market economy, is confined to postulating reformistic changes in the functioning system of capitalistic economy. A. P. Pigou criticizes the monopolistic stage of capitalistic economy but his conclusions are not consistent with his criticism ofr he postulates economic welfare under the circumstances of antagonistic contradictions of a capitalistic society. In the monopolistic stage of capitalism he tries to put into practice the justified postulates of welfare economics that emphasize material conditions of a reproduction process. They are reduced to replacing a free market mechanism by a controlled market mechanism A. C. Pigou does not persist in the thesis of a self-feeding optimization but he finds most optimization factors in the sphere of circulation. While emphasizing the role of means of a regulated market mechanism he overestimates the role of intervention policy measures of a capitalistic state. In spite of the thesis of the allegedly possible realization of welfare in capitalism A. C. Pigou's of economic welfare is worth noting for it makes conspicuous several essential problems that should be solved in socialism as well. The very fact of socializing means of production does not solve the complex problem of optimum utilization of productive factors in socialism. It does not solve the best possible way of satisfying social needs, either.Item Rola mechanizmu rynkowego w kształtowaniu procesów gospodarczych w dziejach katolickiej myśli społeczno-ekonomicznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1992) Romanow, ZbigniewThe Catholic Church, by assuming that a basic principle of social life is social justice and the condition of freedom of a human being, its initiative and personal independence is private property, criticizes the liberal doctrine, which ignores the need of conscious shaping of the socio-economic life, and which leads to social injustice. The Church also rejects a so-called marxist collectivism and the struggle of classes, which violate human right to freedom, property and initiative, making a human being dependent on totalitarian rule. The implementation of social justice in the contemporary world requires that a human being and his or her work be treated as sovereign subjects, and not as objects. It means the priority of work over capital and subsidiary character of property with respect to work. Though the Catholic Church does not impose a political and economic system on the international community, it nonetheless requires from the states, because of its priestly mission, that they shape socio-economic processes through their supervisory and legislative functions. Social order, implemented in the name of freedom, justice and international peace requires the coordination of socio-economic activity and the use of regulated market mechanism in the benefit of the mankind. However, state intervention in social and economic matters must not infringe market rules. Without a balanced and competitive market regulated by the state there are no objective criteria of evaluation of economic activity and there is no possibilty of implementing a just participation of societies in the social product and in the advantages of international division of labor and specialization.Item Równowaga gospodarcza w teoriach ekonomicznych(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1990) Romanow, ZbigniewIn economic theories, starting from the classical English economy (with the exception of Marx's theory), a prevailing conception was the conception of self- -regulatory balance on a free competition market. It was criticized, among others, by J. Keynes, who stressed the need of regulating the economic processes by the state. Next, the representatives of so-called post-Keynesian economy pointed to the need of analysing both the growth of production capacity caused by investmen as well as the growth of general national product. In effect, the post-Keynesian trend became closer to neo-classical economy and the achievements of the Keynesian school were adopted by neoclassicists who started investigating the relations between national product and investment in conditions of full utilization of production factors. A response to main trends of Western thought is institutionalism, a trend which points to the need of substituting market regulation of economic balance with non-market coordination, providing so-called steered balance. Another trend in opposition to the far-reaching state interventionism of Keynesian school in neoliberalism which advocates the conception of liberal market economy coordinated by the state. Even less efficient, from the point of viem of mechanisms and conditions of balanced growth, was the strive towards the implementation of balanced growth by means of directival-distributive system in force in the socialist countries. The accomplishment of natural purpose of production by way of direct means turned out to be more complicated and less efficient than the direct fulfillment of that purpose by way the regulated market mechanism. Subsequently, under the influence of the policy of intensive industrialization, the concept of central planning and managing the national economy was based on the so-called law of prevalence of growth of I sector over the II sector. The said law was allegedly to justify permanent economic imbalance. However, the criticism of that law formulated in Polish literature did not significantly after the economic policy. The latter continued to profess the increased economic growth coupled with plans which were impossible to be fulfilled, and generated economic disproportions instead of balanced growth.Item Spółdzielczość w gospodarce rynkowej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1995) Romanow, ZbigniewThe paper first mentions those who initiated and propagated the idea of cooperatives, the types of cooperatives and their evolution in the market economy. Next, it stresses that despite the tendency to carry out mass privatisation and the negative evaluation which cooperatives set up in socialist countries have received, one should not overlook the positive aspects and opportunities which cooperatives create and which should therefore be given some room in economic activity. In the Polish environment the restructuring of the present cooperative system requires a new set of legal regulations defining its role and the principles according to which it operates. First of all, cooperative attitudes and relations promoting a system in which cooperatives collaborate and help one another in the market should be established. This will improve the functioning of cooperatives in the competitive market economy. Cooperatives should base their operations on principles of good management and income value which is the best measure of performance as a function of a goal, a criterion used in the assessment of any economic activity. To be successful, the restructuring of cooperatives requires, at least in its initial stage, external support of the state. This helps them to achieve independence and efficiency. It also needs to be supported by a set of organisational and economic assumptions and regulations adequate to its role assumed in the state's policy. However, the pro-cooperative policy of the state should not merely provide a protective umbrella and tolerate poor management, inefficiency and a policy of the so-called profitable minimum prices. The state's involvement should never interfere with the principles of market economy.Item „Suwerenność konsumenta" jako problem teorii i ideologii w rozwoju myśli ekonomicznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1981) Romanow, ZbigniewA principle of „consumer's sovereignity", understood as production size and structure adjustment to effective demand structure when the share of national income is given under certain market conditions, is a theoretical hypothesis formulated in the seventieth of the 19th century. Free competition is treated by the subjective-marginalistic direction, the trend of which was then originated, as an abstractive model acting in ideal conditions of „perfect competition". Under conditions of „perfect competition" economic equilibrium is shaped automatically by market mechanism as a result of the principle of „consumer's sovereignty", that ensures optimal use of production factors and best satisfaction of needs of individuals and of the whole society. The concept was submitted to the criticism as by bourgeois economy (directly — the theory of imperfect competition, indirectly — the theory of J. Keynes), so by Marxist economy of the twentieth (M. Dobb). A reaction agiainst repeated, expansion of neo-classical economy and formal quantitative theories at the and of sixtieth can be met in case of neo-instátutionalists (J. Galbraith and J. Myrdal), who exaggeratedly negated among others the concept of „homo oeconomicus", the theory of economic equilibrium or the assumption of „consumer's sovereignty". Theoretical hypothesis of „consumer's sovereignty" contains, however, some rational aspects (what was noticed in the interwar period by O. Lange, who formulated a model of socialist economy using regulated market mechanism for rational shaping current economic processes). It should not, however, be treated as the only basis of rational economy also influencing resources allocation and satisfaction of future needs. The principle corresponds then with the purpose of socialist economy (when the share of national income is given and under conditions of consumer's market) provided that individual preferences are not repugnant to social preferences.Item Tendencje rozwojowe teorii ekonomii dobrobytu(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1972) Romanow, ZbigniewThe representatives of the so called "new" welfare economics made an attempt to find a criterion for estimating economic welfare that would make possible to avoid controversial problems of interpersonal comparisons of utility. They tried to approach economic welfare in the categories of a total amount of utility for individuals (N. Kaldor, M. W. Reder, J. R. Hicks, T. Scitowsky). The conception of new welfare economics was criticised. The principle of compensation which is a questionable attempt of avoiding the problem of interpersonal comparisons of loss and profit was found dispensable in the analysis of economic welfare (J. M. D. Little). On the other hand standards of value, which are the basis of forming economic optimum and depend on a preference scale fixed by the state, give no guaranty of the most proper choice and do not reflect individual preferences fully (R. J. Arrow). The new welfare economics was also blamed for restricting the problems to static conditions only (J. de V. Graaff). Difficulties in finding the optimum and scepticism about the conception of new welfare economics made some economists look for a mechanism securing accomplishment of economic welfare in the conditions of partly socialized means of production and controlled economy. One of them is A. Lemer, whose program is reformatic and restricts the assumptions of economic welfare to institutional changes within the scape of capitalistic production relations. O. Lange cosiders the possible division of the available resources and their optimum utilization in the socialist economy that takes advantage of autonomous top-level decisions of nation-wide significance as well as the market mechanism. O. Lange's skeleton mechanism of social economy operation, which permits of the application of the justified ideals of the welfare economics, was criticised by the liberals (F. Hayek, L. Robbins, W. Beveridge, D. Wright and others). They objected to the alleged underutilization of market mechanism in Lange's model, to arbitrarily by the central government's organ determined purposes and to administratively irrational pursuit of socio-economic goals. The conception of a welfare state was created in the Western countries in the years 1950 s. It reflected the tendency of a burgeois state to apply the ideals of welfare economics within the scope of the socio-economic and social policy of the Keynesists. The program with help of an increased state intervention was tending to replace the previous state philantropy by activities striving to form socio-economic and social processes and to strengthen the role of the parliament and public control of economic activities of the monopolies in particular. The interrelation of the state and monopolies and the restricted role of the parliament caused a confinement of the welfare state program to some concessions for the benefit of the working peoples. The confinements are due to the prevailing production relations and not, as the burgeois economists say, to the growing expenses on the revolution in science and technics and to thus limited financial means of the state.Item Teoria wartości Karola Marksa a problemy kształtowania cen w gospodarce socjalistycznej(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1984) Romanow, ZbigniewSpeaking on an ambivalent character of labor and consequently on the whole economic process, K. Marx emphasises that it is both the process of increasing values and generating utility value. He does not also treat a relation of theory of value to a price making process directly and onesidedly. Prices have to reflect verified effects of social labor expenditures and not only an ordinary acceptance of it under conditions of material-utility criteria of managing economy and in the competitive buyer-consummer market. A rational true price has to reflect real economic proportions resulting from a long term and perspective plan as well as currently formed economic conditions effected by the given productive machinery and market situation. The law of value cannot act as a law of prices in its classic formulation, under these conditions even in the increasing role of commodity- -monetary categories. Yet it can act as a law of labor expenditures determining possibilities of fulfilling needs of production and consumption within the framework of basic productive and exchange proportions included in a long term plan and in autonomous decisions of enterprises. Consequently, adopting a cost concept of prices in economic literature is not satisfactory from the point of view of realizing a natural target of production and socio-economic rationality. It seems that the concept of prices of market equilibrium is rather closer to rational principles of price making, handling price as an objective category reflecting real proportions and conditions of economy, under one condition though: it can not be treated as a result of unrestrained formation of economic processes.Item Twórczość naukowa Edwarda Taylora i jej związek z neoklasycyzmem(Wydział Prawa i Administracji UAM, 1985) Romanow, ZbigniewContrary to a common opinion that E. Taylor was advocating neoclassicism in Poland of the interwar period, he was a scientist who is difficult for qualification. His scientific output can be divided into two parts- specific (applied) economy comprising analyses of cooperatives and inflation and theory of economics (general economics) including such of his works as Statics and Dynamics in the Theory of Economics, Introduction to Economics and Theory of Production. The cooperative movement, treated by E. Taylor without particular engagement was in his opinion to ease results the capitalistic methods of production and distribution. Like A. Krzyżanowski, E. Taylor advocates the quantitative theory of money. Contrary to representatives of the „Cracow school" he was against taking up foreign credits to increase bank reserves and stimulate economy. Statics and Dynamics in the Theory of Economics played a particular role in the development of theory of economy. It was a departure beyond the Marshallian concept of approaching relations between economic magnitudes at given conditions having caeteris paribus assumed that is a microeconomic formulation. His methodological discussion, emphasising the necessity to analyse economic phenomena dynamically contributed to the theory of economy. In turn Introduction to Economics devoted to methodology and basic notions of political economy is the most representative work of that author from the interwar period, indicating at his relation to the neoclessicism although not always identical. Theory of production, in his opinion constitutes an integral part of theory of economy. Broadly interpreted economic issues of production analysed within the structure of private property of means of production and of a competitive market mechanism recognized ad a basic regulator of distribution of resources between various applications and of conditions of production of goods were the subject of its interest. E. Taylor cannot be classed among followers of socialism, although he indicated at its certain virtues in shaping the scale of production.